Excessive Urination & Hairball Vomiting in Cats

According to the American Veterinarian Medical Association, there are almost 82 million pet cats in the United States. While felines largely take care of themselves, a cat owner should be aware of the causes and signs of excessive urination and hairball vomiting.

Causes of Excessive Urination

Cats with urinary tract problems sometimes visit the litter box more frequently than usual. Additionally, separation anxiety and grief can lead to urination frequency. More problematic, and perhaps more common, is the cat who drinks and voids excessively due to diabetes.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian can make a diagnosis of excessive urination caused by diabetes by checking blood, urine and clinical signs. Insulin treatment may be required. In the meantime, place a few litter boxes around the house.

Causes of Hairball Vomiting

Cats swallow a lot of hair when they self-groom, which largely gets passed through their stool. If, however, the hair becomes matted within the stomach, the cat may expel it through vomiting.

What Does Hairball Vomit Look Like?

Hairball is actually a misnomer. The appearance is not ball-like at all, rather hairball vomit resembles the dark, slimy human hair found when unclogging a shower drain. Sometimes undigested food is contained within the vomit as well.

Preventing Hairball Vomiting

It follows that if you minimize hairballs, you will minimize hairball vomiting. Try grooming your cat one to two times a week with a stiff brush. You can also administer a lubricant preparation such as Petromalt, formulated especially for the problem, to allow the swallowed hair to pass more easily through the intestine. In addition, it is important to feed your cat plenty of fiber and water.

According to the American Veterinarian Medical Association, there are almost 82 million pet cats in the United States. While felines largely take care of themselves, a cat owner should be aware of the causes and signs of excessive urination and hairball vomiting.

Causes of Excessive Urination

Cats with urinary tract problems sometimes visit the litter box more frequently than usual. Additionally, separation anxiety and grief can lead to urination frequency. More problematic, and perhaps more common, is the cat who drinks and voids excessively due to diabetes.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian can make a diagnosis of excessive urination caused by diabetes by checking blood, urine and clinical signs. Insulin treatment may be required. In the meantime, place a few litter boxes around the house.

Causes of Hairball Vomiting

Cats swallow a lot of hair when they self-groom, which largely gets passed through their stool. If, however, the hair becomes matted within the stomach, the cat may expel it through vomiting.

What Does Hairball Vomit Look Like?

Hairball is actually a misnomer. The appearance is not ball-like at all, rather hairball vomit resembles the dark, slimy human hair found when unclogging a shower drain. Sometimes undigested food is contained within the vomit as well.

Preventing Hairball Vomiting

It follows that if you minimize hairballs, you will minimize hairball vomiting. Try grooming your cat one to two times a week with a stiff brush. You can also administer a lubricant preparation such as Petromalt, formulated especially for the problem, to allow the swallowed hair to pass more easily through the intestine. In addition, it is important to feed your cat plenty of fiber and water.

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Vestibular Disease in Cats

Cats are known for their exceptional grace, balance in high places and ease of movements that make it seem as if they glide from one spot to another. However, vestibular disease can leave cats clumsy, afraid to climb and with awkward movements. Many pet owners mistake the symptoms of vestibular disease for a stroke in their felines.

Vestibular System

The vestibular system, which begins in the brain and runs into the inner ear, keeps the head and body in correct orientation and the body balanced. There are two types of disease that affect the vestibular system in cats: peripheral vestibular disease and central vestibular disease.

Symptoms

Your cat may appear dizzy if it is suffering from a disorder of the vestibular system. Other symptoms include falling, lack of coordination, head tilting to one side or another, circling, rolling, stumbling or walking as if the cat is drunk.

Peripheral Vestibular Disease

Most diseases of the vestibular system fall in this category, and the cause is often not known. It primarily affects young to middle-aged cats, and occurs in late summer and early fall. In the southeastern United States, peripheral vestibular disease is sometimes associated with cats eating blue-tailed lizards.

Central Vestibular Disease

Central vestibular disease often includes symptoms not seen in peripheral vestibular disease, including depression, head tremor, weakened jaw, and excessive staggering or stumbling. A brain tumor is often the cause.

Diagnosis

Vestibular disease can strike suddenly. The veterinarian will begin by doing a physical examination, and will rule out other conditions that exhibit similar symptoms such as an inner ear infection, head trauma, or polyps and cancer in the middle ear.
The veterinarian will do a neurological examination and an examination of the cat's ear canal. The doctor may then order a complete blood count, biochemistry tests and additional diagnostic tests such as a spinal tap, MRI or X-ray.

Treatment

If your cat is diagnosed with peripheral vestibular disease, little treatment is usually given because the condition gradually improves on its own within a few weeks. However, the cat may have a permanent head tilt as a lasting condition of the disease.
If your cat has central vestibular disease, the underlying cause of the condition must be determined and treated. Oftentimes, central vestibular disease is devastating to a pet, and it may never recover.
With both types of disease, motion sickness medication is often prescribed to help reduce nausea so the pet can eat.

Home Care

Keep your cat inside if it is recovering from vestibular disease. The cat should also be kept away from staircases and other high areas where it likes to climb until its balance returns to normal.

Cats are known for their exceptional grace, balance in high places and ease of movements that make it seem as if they glide from one spot to another. However, vestibular disease can leave cats clumsy, afraid to climb and with awkward movements. Many pet owners mistake the symptoms of vestibular disease for a stroke in their felines.

Vestibular System

The vestibular system, which begins in the brain and runs into the inner ear, keeps the head and body in correct orientation and the body balanced. There are two types of disease that affect the vestibular system in cats: peripheral vestibular disease and central vestibular disease.

Symptoms

Your cat may appear dizzy if it is suffering from a disorder of the vestibular system. Other symptoms include falling, lack of coordination, head tilting to one side or another, circling, rolling, stumbling or walking as if the cat is drunk.

Peripheral Vestibular Disease

Most diseases of the vestibular system fall in this category, and the cause is often not known. It primarily affects young to middle-aged cats, and occurs in late summer and early fall. In the southeastern United States, peripheral vestibular disease is sometimes associated with cats eating blue-tailed lizards.

Central Vestibular Disease

Central vestibular disease often includes symptoms not seen in peripheral vestibular disease, including depression, head tremor, weakened jaw, and excessive staggering or stumbling. A brain tumor is often the cause.

Diagnosis

Vestibular disease can strike suddenly. The veterinarian will begin by doing a physical examination, and will rule out other conditions that exhibit similar symptoms such as an inner ear infection, head trauma, or polyps and cancer in the middle ear.
The veterinarian will do a neurological examination and an examination of the cat's ear canal. The doctor may then order a complete blood count, biochemistry tests and additional diagnostic tests such as a spinal tap, MRI or X-ray.

Treatment

If your cat is diagnosed with peripheral vestibular disease, little treatment is usually given because the condition gradually improves on its own within a few weeks. However, the cat may have a permanent head tilt as a lasting condition of the disease.
If your cat has central vestibular disease, the underlying cause of the condition must be determined and treated. Oftentimes, central vestibular disease is devastating to a pet, and it may never recover.
With both types of disease, motion sickness medication is often prescribed to help reduce nausea so the pet can eat.

Home Care

Keep your cat inside if it is recovering from vestibular disease. The cat should also be kept away from staircases and other high areas where it likes to climb until its balance returns to normal.

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Cats from Cannes {France}

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How to Get Rid of Fleas on Kittens Under 12 Weeks

Flea infestations can be especially dangerous for kittens. Due to their small size, they can quickly become anemic, simply from numerous fleas draining their blood. Therefore, it is critical for your kittens' health to get rid of the fleas.
Unfortunately, most flea products are not safe to use on kittens until they are at least eight weeks old. There is, however, medication available for kittens as young as four weeks old, as long as the kittens also weigh at least two pounds.

Instructions

1

Weigh all the kittens to make sure they are at least two pounds. If a kitten is under this weight, do not give him flea medicine.

2

Mix correct dosage (read the label as dosage may change), per kitten, of Capstar tablet with a small amount of wet kitten food. According to the Urban Cat League, the tablets can be crushed to make it easier to hide the medicine in the food.

3

Feed each kitten its serving of the medicated food individually. Make sure each eats the entire serving.

4

Wash cat bedding and/or vacuum the kitten's play areas and sleep areas. This helps get rid of remaining flea larvae and eggs.

5

Check the kittens for fleas again, in three to seven days, by gently running a flea comb through their fur. Re-medicate kittens again with Capstar in a few days, if necessary.

Flea infestations can be especially dangerous for kittens. Due to their small size, they can quickly become anemic, simply from numerous fleas draining their blood. Therefore, it is critical for your kittens' health to get rid of the fleas.
Unfortunately, most flea products are not safe to use on kittens until they are at least eight weeks old. There is, however, medication available for kittens as young as four weeks old, as long as the kittens also weigh at least two pounds.

Instructions

1

Weigh all the kittens to make sure they are at least two pounds. If a kitten is under this weight, do not give him flea medicine.

2

Mix correct dosage (read the label as dosage may change), per kitten, of Capstar tablet with a small amount of wet kitten food. According to the Urban Cat League, the tablets can be crushed to make it easier to hide the medicine in the food.

3

Feed each kitten its serving of the medicated food individually. Make sure each eats the entire serving.

4

Wash cat bedding and/or vacuum the kitten's play areas and sleep areas. This helps get rid of remaining flea larvae and eggs.

5

Check the kittens for fleas again, in three to seven days, by gently running a flea comb through their fur. Re-medicate kittens again with Capstar in a few days, if necessary.

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What Are the Dangers of a Dirty Cat Litter Box?

The primary danger of a dirty cat litter box is the cat will find other places to eliminate. Dirty boxes harbor germs and bacteria, so regular scooping and cleaning are essential.

Avoidance

Cats are fastidious creatures, so it follows that they require an environment that is likewise fastidious. First and foremost, that applies to their litter boxes. That plastic box filled with ground clay, recycled newspapers, wood, corn or wheat products or crystals sitting in your basement or in the corner of the laundry room may look innocuous.
Therein lies the danger, and that danger is the cat will not use a dirty litter box, perhaps finding your heirloom oriental rug more appealing. According to a much-cited study by the National Council on Pet Population, litter box avoidance is listed in about a third of cats relinquished to shelters. Often the solution may be as simple as keeping the box clean: cats frequently use the box after you have scooped almost as a way of saying "Thanks, Mom."
You can never scoop too often, especially with multiple cats. That basement may be convenient from a human's viewpoint, but it's easy to overlook litter box duty, "Kitty KP," and easy for the kitty to find a more convenient and cleaner location. By the way, clean includes vacuuming up the scattered litter, hosing out the box periodically with mild detergent and water and replacing even scoopable litter every few weeks.
Self-cleaning, electric litter boxes minimize scooping but still require regular cleaning, especially if your cat overshoots the box. Similarly a hooded box may hide the contents; however, odors collecting in that small space may be offensive to your feline, especially if the litter box is not cleaned.

The Kid Factor

Another dirty box danger can be found in curious toddlers--all the more reason for keeping the box clean. Along with teaching respect for animals at the earliest age possible, even the smallest children should simply be kept away from the box. That means placing the box in a location that is accessible to the cat yet inaccessible to the child. Obviously, a dirty litter box harbors germs and bacteria, which can linger even after scooping. You wouldn't let your toddler play in the toilet, would you?

Doggie Snacks

Interspecific coprophagia is more distasteful than dangerous, according to Jacque Lynn Schultz, CPDT, Companion Animal Programs adviser for the American Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Simply stated, some dogs may like to snack on what the cat leaves behind in the box.
Despite the grossness factor, Schultz says that "fresh stool from healthy, domesticated animals is generally safe to eat." The problem occurs when dogs eat the stool from wild animals with internal parasites or that of free-roaming cats. Along with vigilant scooping, some canine training and dietary adjustments may be required.

Toxo Fears

And, speaking of parasites, toxoplasmosis from cat feces is frequently cited as a reason why pregnant women and those whose immune systems are compromised should avoid scooping the litter box, or worse yet, give up their cat. The danger here lies in the contents of the box, not whether the box is dirty or clean. To minimize that danger, get the cat tested; a healthy inside-only cat will probably test negative for the disease. Humans can be tested as well, although according to the Cornell Feline Health Center, they have a more likely chance of acquiring toxoplasmosis from raw meat or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Avoiding Kitty KP will not help matters. If you're uncomfortable scooping, leave it to your better half or don rubber gloves and a mask when doing the dirty deed.

The Nose Knows

All in all, the biggest danger of a dirty litter box is aesthetic. It offends the senses of the feline, who may choose to eliminate elsewhere, and the humans, who must live with the odor. The message is simple. Scoop often.

The primary danger of a dirty cat litter box is the cat will find other places to eliminate. Dirty boxes harbor germs and bacteria, so regular scooping and cleaning are essential.

Avoidance

Cats are fastidious creatures, so it follows that they require an environment that is likewise fastidious. First and foremost, that applies to their litter boxes. That plastic box filled with ground clay, recycled newspapers, wood, corn or wheat products or crystals sitting in your basement or in the corner of the laundry room may look innocuous.
Therein lies the danger, and that danger is the cat will not use a dirty litter box, perhaps finding your heirloom oriental rug more appealing. According to a much-cited study by the National Council on Pet Population, litter box avoidance is listed in about a third of cats relinquished to shelters. Often the solution may be as simple as keeping the box clean: cats frequently use the box after you have scooped almost as a way of saying "Thanks, Mom."
You can never scoop too often, especially with multiple cats. That basement may be convenient from a human's viewpoint, but it's easy to overlook litter box duty, "Kitty KP," and easy for the kitty to find a more convenient and cleaner location. By the way, clean includes vacuuming up the scattered litter, hosing out the box periodically with mild detergent and water and replacing even scoopable litter every few weeks.
Self-cleaning, electric litter boxes minimize scooping but still require regular cleaning, especially if your cat overshoots the box. Similarly a hooded box may hide the contents; however, odors collecting in that small space may be offensive to your feline, especially if the litter box is not cleaned.

The Kid Factor

Another dirty box danger can be found in curious toddlers--all the more reason for keeping the box clean. Along with teaching respect for animals at the earliest age possible, even the smallest children should simply be kept away from the box. That means placing the box in a location that is accessible to the cat yet inaccessible to the child. Obviously, a dirty litter box harbors germs and bacteria, which can linger even after scooping. You wouldn't let your toddler play in the toilet, would you?

Doggie Snacks

Interspecific coprophagia is more distasteful than dangerous, according to Jacque Lynn Schultz, CPDT, Companion Animal Programs adviser for the American Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Simply stated, some dogs may like to snack on what the cat leaves behind in the box.
Despite the grossness factor, Schultz says that "fresh stool from healthy, domesticated animals is generally safe to eat." The problem occurs when dogs eat the stool from wild animals with internal parasites or that of free-roaming cats. Along with vigilant scooping, some canine training and dietary adjustments may be required.

Toxo Fears

And, speaking of parasites, toxoplasmosis from cat feces is frequently cited as a reason why pregnant women and those whose immune systems are compromised should avoid scooping the litter box, or worse yet, give up their cat. The danger here lies in the contents of the box, not whether the box is dirty or clean. To minimize that danger, get the cat tested; a healthy inside-only cat will probably test negative for the disease. Humans can be tested as well, although according to the Cornell Feline Health Center, they have a more likely chance of acquiring toxoplasmosis from raw meat or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Avoiding Kitty KP will not help matters. If you're uncomfortable scooping, leave it to your better half or don rubber gloves and a mask when doing the dirty deed.

The Nose Knows

All in all, the biggest danger of a dirty litter box is aesthetic. It offends the senses of the feline, who may choose to eliminate elsewhere, and the humans, who must live with the odor. The message is simple. Scoop often.

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What Carnivorous Plants Aren't Poisonous to Cats?

Pet owners love their cats, there's not doubt. Evidence of cats as pets dates back 8000 years, even before the Egyptians depicted cats in tomb wall paintings. But like the children we eventually turn them into, cats will put anything into their mouths that will fit--shoes, chair legs, the corners of picture frames and, most annoyingly, houseplants.

Chewing Plants

Veterinarians have no clear explanation as to why cats eat plants, but there are several common theories. Cats are omnivores, despite their well-earned reputations as predators, and need fiber in their diet. Outdoor cats obtain meager fiber from the intestinal contents of their prey. Grass and plant eating is thought to be a supplement to this. The acquisition of additional fiber may act as a method to help the cat eliminate hairballs from their digestive tract. Too much fiber is thought to act as an emetic, causing the cat to vomit up the hairball providing relief and reinforcing the plant eating behavior. But, the simplest explanation may be curiosity. Cats are curious creatures and plants, particularly newly introduced plants, bring with them new, enticing smells that warrant closer investigation.

Toxic vs. Nontoxic

None of the commonly propagated carnivorous plants is considered seriously toxic to cats. There have been some reports that nepenthes, or Asian pitcher plants, can cause mild digestive upset when ingested by cats, but no long-lasting or serious effects have been reported. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals maintains a list of plants that are considered by veterinarians to be toxic or nontoxic to cats.

Tasty Carnivorous Plants

Of the carnivorous plants grown in culture, sundews seem to be the ones cats most prefer to shred. Sundews, or drocera, compose one of the largest families of carnivorous plants. Their tentacles, used to capture hapless insects, are tipped with mucilage, a sticky exudate that often resembles freshly fallen morning dew, and seems irresistible to cats.

Plants Not Preferred

Sarracenias and Venus fly traps are known to have a sour taste and don't seem to appeal to cats, given their disdain for sour-tasting things.

Preventative Measures

While not all plants are toxic to cats, chewing plants in general can be risky. Horticulture is a growing industry and with this growth has come the introduction of new plants imported from foreign countries for their unique and desirable qualities. Many of these plants have not been tested as to their toxicity, so caution is always a good idea when introducing new plants into a cat household. Some ways of dissuading cats from chewing plants is spraying the foliage with bitter apple, citrus or black pepper spray. Providing a substitute such as cat grass, available from pet stores, can keep your cat occupied and away from your houseplants.

Pet owners love their cats, there's not doubt. Evidence of cats as pets dates back 8000 years, even before the Egyptians depicted cats in tomb wall paintings. But like the children we eventually turn them into, cats will put anything into their mouths that will fit--shoes, chair legs, the corners of picture frames and, most annoyingly, houseplants.

Chewing Plants

Veterinarians have no clear explanation as to why cats eat plants, but there are several common theories. Cats are omnivores, despite their well-earned reputations as predators, and need fiber in their diet. Outdoor cats obtain meager fiber from the intestinal contents of their prey. Grass and plant eating is thought to be a supplement to this. The acquisition of additional fiber may act as a method to help the cat eliminate hairballs from their digestive tract. Too much fiber is thought to act as an emetic, causing the cat to vomit up the hairball providing relief and reinforcing the plant eating behavior. But, the simplest explanation may be curiosity. Cats are curious creatures and plants, particularly newly introduced plants, bring with them new, enticing smells that warrant closer investigation.

Toxic vs. Nontoxic

None of the commonly propagated carnivorous plants is considered seriously toxic to cats. There have been some reports that nepenthes, or Asian pitcher plants, can cause mild digestive upset when ingested by cats, but no long-lasting or serious effects have been reported. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals maintains a list of plants that are considered by veterinarians to be toxic or nontoxic to cats.

Tasty Carnivorous Plants

Of the carnivorous plants grown in culture, sundews seem to be the ones cats most prefer to shred. Sundews, or drocera, compose one of the largest families of carnivorous plants. Their tentacles, used to capture hapless insects, are tipped with mucilage, a sticky exudate that often resembles freshly fallen morning dew, and seems irresistible to cats.

Plants Not Preferred

Sarracenias and Venus fly traps are known to have a sour taste and don't seem to appeal to cats, given their disdain for sour-tasting things.

Preventative Measures

While not all plants are toxic to cats, chewing plants in general can be risky. Horticulture is a growing industry and with this growth has come the introduction of new plants imported from foreign countries for their unique and desirable qualities. Many of these plants have not been tested as to their toxicity, so caution is always a good idea when introducing new plants into a cat household. Some ways of dissuading cats from chewing plants is spraying the foliage with bitter apple, citrus or black pepper spray. Providing a substitute such as cat grass, available from pet stores, can keep your cat occupied and away from your houseplants.

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Cat from Juan-les-Pins {France}

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Cat Symptoms of FIP

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a virus that affects young kittens and senior cats, but can occasionally affect middle-aged cats. It can occur in both indoor and outdoor cats.

Types

There are two forms of FIP: effusive (wet form) and non-effusive (dry form). Cats that develop the wet form often appear potbellied due to an accumulation of fluid in the stomach. Symptoms in cats with the dry form develop more slowly and are less noticeable.

Identification

Several symptoms occur in both forms of FIP, including anemia, loss of appetite, weight loss, depression, lethargy and fever. A cat with these symptoms should be taken to a veterinarian to be examined.

Time Frame

Unfortunately, there is no true designated time frame because the virus can hibernate for years within the cat. However, the symptoms often appear suddenly within just a week or two.

Effects

Feline Infectious Peritonitis can cause a variety of effects in the cat. Aside from common symptoms, some cats with dry form may also suffer from seizures and eventually become paralyzed before death finally occurs.

Solution

Currently, there is no way to truly test for FIP. There is also no cure, and many cats will die within a week of the onset of symptoms.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a virus that affects young kittens and senior cats, but can occasionally affect middle-aged cats. It can occur in both indoor and outdoor cats.

Types

There are two forms of FIP: effusive (wet form) and non-effusive (dry form). Cats that develop the wet form often appear potbellied due to an accumulation of fluid in the stomach. Symptoms in cats with the dry form develop more slowly and are less noticeable.

Identification

Several symptoms occur in both forms of FIP, including anemia, loss of appetite, weight loss, depression, lethargy and fever. A cat with these symptoms should be taken to a veterinarian to be examined.

Time Frame

Unfortunately, there is no true designated time frame because the virus can hibernate for years within the cat. However, the symptoms often appear suddenly within just a week or two.

Effects

Feline Infectious Peritonitis can cause a variety of effects in the cat. Aside from common symptoms, some cats with dry form may also suffer from seizures and eventually become paralyzed before death finally occurs.

Solution

Currently, there is no way to truly test for FIP. There is also no cure, and many cats will die within a week of the onset of symptoms.

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Neurological Diseases in Cats

Neurological disorders in cats can be caused by injury, illness or congenital defects. If your cat is experiencing seizures, behavioral changes or sudden weakness or paralysis, your veterinarian will perform a thorough neurological exam. Reflexes, muscle control and gait will be examined. Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluids will be lab-tested and, in some cases, MRI and CT scans ordered. Once the cause is determined, a treatment regimen can begin.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes seizures. During a seizure, you cat may pace, suffer muscle contractions, involuntarily urinate or defecate, drool or lose consciousness. Epileptic seizures are not painful but your cat should be protected from injury. Do not try to handle or hold your pet during a seizure.

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome (FHS) is a neurological disorder of unknown origin. It causes unusual and sometimes obsessive behavior including skin rippling, excessive grooming, apparent hallucinations, dilated pupils and seizures.

Rabies

Rabies is a viral infection that acts on the central nervous system. Transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal, rabies is usually fatal as soon as symptoms appear. Once transmitted, the rabies virus spreads through the muscles and nerves, ultimately attacking the brain. Symptoms include drooling, seizures, paralysis and lack of coordination. Report contact with any rabid animal to your state or local health department.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a single-celled parasite common to most warm-blooded animals usually exists quietly, causing no harm to its host. In immune-compromised cats--those suffering from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)--the parasite can cause toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis can affect the central nervous system and the eyes. Your cat may develop light and touch sensitivity, blindness, tremors, seizures and loss of bowel and urinary control.

Cataplexy

Cataplexy is a rare neurological condition which results in immediate muscle weakness and paralysis. Similar to the sudden sleeping disorder narcolepsy, the episodes can last up to thirty minutes. There is no warning before it happens, and there are no seizures during the episode.

Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy

Feline ischemic encephalopathy (FIE) is caused by a parasitic infection of the brain. Larvae of the botfly, a common equine pest, cause this disease and it is primarily found in the northeast US and Canada. The infection damages portions of the brain, causing symptoms such as seizures, blindness and unusual behavior.

Poisoning

Insecticides--including flea and tick preparations that are safe for dogs--can cause seizures in cats, as can exposure to rat poisons, herbicides and anti-freeze.

Neurological disorders in cats can be caused by injury, illness or congenital defects. If your cat is experiencing seizures, behavioral changes or sudden weakness or paralysis, your veterinarian will perform a thorough neurological exam. Reflexes, muscle control and gait will be examined. Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluids will be lab-tested and, in some cases, MRI and CT scans ordered. Once the cause is determined, a treatment regimen can begin.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes seizures. During a seizure, you cat may pace, suffer muscle contractions, involuntarily urinate or defecate, drool or lose consciousness. Epileptic seizures are not painful but your cat should be protected from injury. Do not try to handle or hold your pet during a seizure.

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome (FHS) is a neurological disorder of unknown origin. It causes unusual and sometimes obsessive behavior including skin rippling, excessive grooming, apparent hallucinations, dilated pupils and seizures.

Rabies

Rabies is a viral infection that acts on the central nervous system. Transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal, rabies is usually fatal as soon as symptoms appear. Once transmitted, the rabies virus spreads through the muscles and nerves, ultimately attacking the brain. Symptoms include drooling, seizures, paralysis and lack of coordination. Report contact with any rabid animal to your state or local health department.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a single-celled parasite common to most warm-blooded animals usually exists quietly, causing no harm to its host. In immune-compromised cats--those suffering from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)--the parasite can cause toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis can affect the central nervous system and the eyes. Your cat may develop light and touch sensitivity, blindness, tremors, seizures and loss of bowel and urinary control.

Cataplexy

Cataplexy is a rare neurological condition which results in immediate muscle weakness and paralysis. Similar to the sudden sleeping disorder narcolepsy, the episodes can last up to thirty minutes. There is no warning before it happens, and there are no seizures during the episode.

Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy

Feline ischemic encephalopathy (FIE) is caused by a parasitic infection of the brain. Larvae of the botfly, a common equine pest, cause this disease and it is primarily found in the northeast US and Canada. The infection damages portions of the brain, causing symptoms such as seizures, blindness and unusual behavior.

Poisoning

Insecticides--including flea and tick preparations that are safe for dogs--can cause seizures in cats, as can exposure to rat poisons, herbicides and anti-freeze.

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Health Problems That Cause Cats to Refuse to Eat

Loss of appetite, or anorexia, occurs in cats that are unable to eat or do not want to eat. Loss of appetite is a common symptom in feline illnesses, although it can also occur because of stress or dislike of a new food. There are several common health problems affecting cats and their appetite that cat owners should be aware of.

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Gastrointestinal diseases in cats often cause inflammation of the esophagus, the stomach or the intestine, says veterinarian Etienne Cote on Pet Place. This inflammation can make eating painful or uncomfortable for the cat, resulting in anorexia. Types of gastrointestinal diseases causing this inflammation include parasites, parvovirus, coronavirus, ulcers, bacterial infections, fungal infections, food allergies and certain types of cancer. Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease include increased salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy and sluggishness.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is a difficult disease to diagnose in cats as there is no specific test for the illness. Symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, dehydration, fever, hypothermia, vomiting and anterior abdominal pain, according to veterinarian Debra L. Zoran of Harris County Veterinary Medical Association in Houston, TX. Treatment involves aggressive fluid therapy and supportive care. Withholding food and water for two to three days allows the cat's pancreas to rest and regenerate.

Dental Disease

Dental disease is the most common disease in cats, veterinarian Arnold Plotnick of Manhattan Cat Specialists says. Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the tissues that surround the teeth. Osteoclastic resorptive lesions are erosions on a tooth's surface, usually between the gum and the tooth. Dental diseases such as these cause pain when eating, causing a cat to become anorexic. These diseases are avoidable through regular dental checkups with a veterinarian, and teeth cleaning when necessary.

Loss of appetite, or anorexia, occurs in cats that are unable to eat or do not want to eat. Loss of appetite is a common symptom in feline illnesses, although it can also occur because of stress or dislike of a new food. There are several common health problems affecting cats and their appetite that cat owners should be aware of.

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Gastrointestinal diseases in cats often cause inflammation of the esophagus, the stomach or the intestine, says veterinarian Etienne Cote on Pet Place. This inflammation can make eating painful or uncomfortable for the cat, resulting in anorexia. Types of gastrointestinal diseases causing this inflammation include parasites, parvovirus, coronavirus, ulcers, bacterial infections, fungal infections, food allergies and certain types of cancer. Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease include increased salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy and sluggishness.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is a difficult disease to diagnose in cats as there is no specific test for the illness. Symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, dehydration, fever, hypothermia, vomiting and anterior abdominal pain, according to veterinarian Debra L. Zoran of Harris County Veterinary Medical Association in Houston, TX. Treatment involves aggressive fluid therapy and supportive care. Withholding food and water for two to three days allows the cat's pancreas to rest and regenerate.

Dental Disease

Dental disease is the most common disease in cats, veterinarian Arnold Plotnick of Manhattan Cat Specialists says. Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the tissues that surround the teeth. Osteoclastic resorptive lesions are erosions on a tooth's surface, usually between the gum and the tooth. Dental diseases such as these cause pain when eating, causing a cat to become anorexic. These diseases are avoidable through regular dental checkups with a veterinarian, and teeth cleaning when necessary.

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Fish Oil for Cats

The cats who hung around the docks in ancient times eating the fish that were tossed overboard from the boats had the right idea. Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can improve our health and our cats' health in many ways. It's one of the healthiest supplements you can give your feline friend and most cats happily accept it mixed into their food.

Healthy Skin; Shiny Fur

Fish oil moisturizes the skin, creates shiny fur and minimizes shedding.

Heart Health

The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil have been shown to support the heart and may help reduce instances of cardiac arrhythmia. Since it has mild blood-thinning properties, ask your veterinarian before giving it to a cat on medication that thins the blood.

Help With Kidney Disease

Studies also show the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can slow the progression of kidney disease in cats.

An Anti-inflammatory

As an anti-inflammatory, fish oil can ease the discomfort of everything from arthritis to urinary tract infections.

Allergy Relief

Fish oil was first used by veterinarians to provide relief for cats with skin allergies. Now a part of mainstream veterinary medicine, it can reduce the need for steroids and other allergy medications with potentially dangerous side effects.

Not Flax Seed Oil

Flax seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and is sometimes suggested as a less smelly alternative to fish oil. But cats cannot efficiently convert ALA to the anti-inflammatory omega-3's, so fish oil is the better choice.

The cats who hung around the docks in ancient times eating the fish that were tossed overboard from the boats had the right idea. Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can improve our health and our cats' health in many ways. It's one of the healthiest supplements you can give your feline friend and most cats happily accept it mixed into their food.

Healthy Skin; Shiny Fur

Fish oil moisturizes the skin, creates shiny fur and minimizes shedding.

Heart Health

The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil have been shown to support the heart and may help reduce instances of cardiac arrhythmia. Since it has mild blood-thinning properties, ask your veterinarian before giving it to a cat on medication that thins the blood.

Help With Kidney Disease

Studies also show the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can slow the progression of kidney disease in cats.

An Anti-inflammatory

As an anti-inflammatory, fish oil can ease the discomfort of everything from arthritis to urinary tract infections.

Allergy Relief

Fish oil was first used by veterinarians to provide relief for cats with skin allergies. Now a part of mainstream veterinary medicine, it can reduce the need for steroids and other allergy medications with potentially dangerous side effects.

Not Flax Seed Oil

Flax seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and is sometimes suggested as a less smelly alternative to fish oil. But cats cannot efficiently convert ALA to the anti-inflammatory omega-3's, so fish oil is the better choice.

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Signs of Mange Mites in Cats

Mange is a term used to describe several skin conditions caused by mites infesting the skin of animals such as dogs and cats. Cats with mange will lose hair and develop tough skin from constant scratching and irritation. If the condition goes untreated skin lesions may also develop. Fortunately, mange is treatable and can be prevented.

What is Mange?

Mange is a term used to describe several skin conditions caused by mites that infest the skin of animals such as dogs and cats. There are many kinds of mange but the most common kind of mange found in cats is Notoedric mange, which is caused by the mite Notoedres cati. Although mange mites can trouble cats of any age they are most commonly found in kittens. The disease can also be spread to humans, although it usually only causes minor itching.

Signs of Mange Mites in Cats

Cats suffering from mange mite infestation show signs of skin irritation such as scratching and chewing. Prolonged itching can lead to hair loss and tough skin that, if not treated, can develop lesions. Legions are yellow, crusty patches on the skin. The itching typically begins on the head and neck and then spreads to other areas of the body. Brown spots are often present on the head and neck, along with spots on the end of the ears that look like dirt. These spots start out small and can grow larger if the condition is untreated. It is also common for cats to lose weight and become dehydrated due to the stress of the illness. Signs of dehydration include loose skin and lethargy. Lymph nodes near the affected area can also become swollen. For example, a cat with mange contained to the ears, head and neck may have swollen lymph nodes near its jaw or neck.

Diagnosis

If mange is suspected, the cat should be taken to a veterinarian for an examination. After looking at the cat's physical condition, the vet will collect skin scrapings to test confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Once diagnosis has been confirmed the veterinarian will prescribe a course of action that usually involves clipping and bathing the cat. After bathing the cat will typically be treated with a 2 to 3 percent lime sulfur dip. This treatment is required once every seven days for six to eight weeks. It is important to note that, while many products used to treat scabies in dogs will kill mange mites in cats, most of these products are not safe for use on cats.

Prevention

The best way to prevent mange in cats is to prevent them from coming into contact with infected cats or strays. Also make sure the cat's living environment is clean and any boarding facilities are sanitary. If there are multiple cats in the household, any cats suspected to be infected should immediately be isolated to prevent the condition from spreading to other animals.

Mange is a term used to describe several skin conditions caused by mites infesting the skin of animals such as dogs and cats. Cats with mange will lose hair and develop tough skin from constant scratching and irritation. If the condition goes untreated skin lesions may also develop. Fortunately, mange is treatable and can be prevented.

What is Mange?

Mange is a term used to describe several skin conditions caused by mites that infest the skin of animals such as dogs and cats. There are many kinds of mange but the most common kind of mange found in cats is Notoedric mange, which is caused by the mite Notoedres cati. Although mange mites can trouble cats of any age they are most commonly found in kittens. The disease can also be spread to humans, although it usually only causes minor itching.

Signs of Mange Mites in Cats

Cats suffering from mange mite infestation show signs of skin irritation such as scratching and chewing. Prolonged itching can lead to hair loss and tough skin that, if not treated, can develop lesions. Legions are yellow, crusty patches on the skin. The itching typically begins on the head and neck and then spreads to other areas of the body. Brown spots are often present on the head and neck, along with spots on the end of the ears that look like dirt. These spots start out small and can grow larger if the condition is untreated. It is also common for cats to lose weight and become dehydrated due to the stress of the illness. Signs of dehydration include loose skin and lethargy. Lymph nodes near the affected area can also become swollen. For example, a cat with mange contained to the ears, head and neck may have swollen lymph nodes near its jaw or neck.

Diagnosis

If mange is suspected, the cat should be taken to a veterinarian for an examination. After looking at the cat's physical condition, the vet will collect skin scrapings to test confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Once diagnosis has been confirmed the veterinarian will prescribe a course of action that usually involves clipping and bathing the cat. After bathing the cat will typically be treated with a 2 to 3 percent lime sulfur dip. This treatment is required once every seven days for six to eight weeks. It is important to note that, while many products used to treat scabies in dogs will kill mange mites in cats, most of these products are not safe for use on cats.

Prevention

The best way to prevent mange in cats is to prevent them from coming into contact with infected cats or strays. Also make sure the cat's living environment is clean and any boarding facilities are sanitary. If there are multiple cats in the household, any cats suspected to be infected should immediately be isolated to prevent the condition from spreading to other animals.

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Preventing Cats from Chewing Electrical Cords

Although cats are generally more discreet about what they put in their mouths compared to dogs, some cats have a penchant for chewingunusual objects.  One thing both dogs and cats often chew on are electrical cords.  This can be a hazard for two reasons.  First, it can be a danger to your cat, because of potential electrical burns.  Second, it can be a danger to your home, as an exposed wire can be a fire hazard. 

Cats that chew through electrical cords often experience burns on their lips and/or tongue.  More serious problems can arise, like seizures, respiratory difficulty, and even cardiac arrest. 

Why do they do it?  

Beats me.  If I had to guess, I’d say that cats are naturally curious and seem to be drawn to strings and ribbons, which bring out their prey instinct.  Wires and cords are similar to ribbons and strings. Some cats have a penchant for plastic, and a few are mainly drawn to the plastic insulation on the wires. 

To prevent cats from chewing on cords and wires, you can purchase cord protection kits from hardware stores or computer supply stores.  These are hollow tubes that are pre-split down the side.  The cords are sequestered inside these large hollow tubes, preventing cats from getting at them.  Crittercord (www.crittercord.com) is a thick plastic cord cover that is infused with a citrus scent. Cats do not like the smell of citrus and are generally repelled from cords that are covered with it.   Cats tend to gravitate toward things that dangle or wiggle, so try hiding cords behind furniture, or tape cords to the wall so that they don’t dangle and catch your cat’s attention.   Pet stores sell repellent sprays that can be sprayed on the wires, and the surrounding areas.  Other things you can put on the cords to repel cats are things like Vick’s VapoRub, Bitter Apple, Tabasco sauce, or rubbing the wires with a moistened bar of soap.  These may need to be reapplied frequently until your cat finally gets the message.  For really persistent cats, you might need to purchase a SssCat! Cannister
   This is a canister that has a motion detector on top of it.  When cats trigger the motion detector, the canister makes a high-pitched alarm and then sprays a harmless material.  This scares the heck out of the cat, and will effectively deter your cat from going near the wires. 

To keep your cat’s life from getting boring, provide lots of toys, and regularly engage your cat in play activity.  Wall-mounted toys that they can swat at, ping pong balls in the bathtub, etc.  Rotate the toys, so cats don’t get bored with them.  Toys that stimulate the different senses keep cats on their toes; laser toys for visual stimuli, toys with bells for auditory stimuli, and catnip toys for olfactory stimuli should keep your cat preoccupied, and less interested in the cords and wires.

Although cats are generally more discreet about what they put in their mouths compared to dogs, some cats have a penchant for chewingunusual objects.  One thing both dogs and cats often chew on are electrical cords.  This can be a hazard for two reasons.  First, it can be a danger to your cat, because of potential electrical burns.  Second, it can be a danger to your home, as an exposed wire can be a fire hazard. 

Cats that chew through electrical cords often experience burns on their lips and/or tongue.  More serious problems can arise, like seizures, respiratory difficulty, and even cardiac arrest. 

Why do they do it?  

Beats me.  If I had to guess, I’d say that cats are naturally curious and seem to be drawn to strings and ribbons, which bring out their prey instinct.  Wires and cords are similar to ribbons and strings. Some cats have a penchant for plastic, and a few are mainly drawn to the plastic insulation on the wires. 

To prevent cats from chewing on cords and wires, you can purchase cord protection kits from hardware stores or computer supply stores.  These are hollow tubes that are pre-split down the side.  The cords are sequestered inside these large hollow tubes, preventing cats from getting at them.  Crittercord (www.crittercord.com) is a thick plastic cord cover that is infused with a citrus scent. Cats do not like the smell of citrus and are generally repelled from cords that are covered with it.   Cats tend to gravitate toward things that dangle or wiggle, so try hiding cords behind furniture, or tape cords to the wall so that they don’t dangle and catch your cat’s attention.   Pet stores sell repellent sprays that can be sprayed on the wires, and the surrounding areas.  Other things you can put on the cords to repel cats are things like Vick’s VapoRub, Bitter Apple, Tabasco sauce, or rubbing the wires with a moistened bar of soap.  These may need to be reapplied frequently until your cat finally gets the message.  For really persistent cats, you might need to purchase a SssCat! Cannister
   This is a canister that has a motion detector on top of it.  When cats trigger the motion detector, the canister makes a high-pitched alarm and then sprays a harmless material.  This scares the heck out of the cat, and will effectively deter your cat from going near the wires. 

To keep your cat’s life from getting boring, provide lots of toys, and regularly engage your cat in play activity.  Wall-mounted toys that they can swat at, ping pong balls in the bathtub, etc.  Rotate the toys, so cats don’t get bored with them.  Toys that stimulate the different senses keep cats on their toes; laser toys for visual stimuli, toys with bells for auditory stimuli, and catnip toys for olfactory stimuli should keep your cat preoccupied, and less interested in the cords and wires.

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Intestinal Parasites That Cause Weight Loss in Cats

The American Veterinary Medical Association and VetInfo4Cats.com report that there are several different types of intestinal parasites common to cats. Intestinal parasites generally turn a cat's small or large intestine into their home; however, some parasites may also infect the respiratory tract or heart. Parasites are transmitted through several avenues, including infected water and feces, from a mother to her kittens or the ingestion of an infested rodent.

Giardia

Giardia cati can move effectively in a cat's small intestine.

According to Doctor Foster and Smith's Pet Education.com, "Giardia are protozoa (one-celled organisms) that live in the small intestine of cats and dogs." When a cat eats the cyst form of this organism, it releases its active form, trophozoite, into the animal's small intestine. Able to move very effectively inside the intestine, the parasite attaches itself to the cat's intestinal wall and begins to reproduce, disabling the cat's ability to garner nutrition from its food and damaging the intestinal lining. While the cat may not lose its appetite when infected with the giardia cati parasite, the animal will begin to lose weight.

Hookworms

Hookworms are common in kittens.

A common and frightening internal parasite, hookworms are especially prevalent in kittens. These toothy nibblers come in four different classifications; however, only the A. tubaeforme, A. braziliense and U. stenocephala infect cats. Using their "teeth-like structures or cutting plates," as Pet Eduction.com terms, hookworms affix themselves to the cat's intestine and begin to feed off of their blood. Not only does this cause serious conditions such as anemia and diarrhea, but hookworms might also be responsible for unexplained weight loss in the cat. In fact, seriously infected cats run the risk of dying from emaciation caused by hookworms.

Roundworms

Roundworms can be spread from cats to humans.

Another common internal parasite is the roundworm. Also known as ascarids, two of three classifications (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara cati) favor cats as their host. Roundworms are extremely contagious and pose a threat to both other animals and humans. If infested, a cat can pass millions of roundworm eggs in their fecal matter daily. Many monthly topical flea and tick applications also prevent roundworms. Pet Education.com recommends that if a cat becomes infested, it should be monitored and have fecal testing performed regularly once treatment is complete to ensure reinfestation does not occur.

The American Veterinary Medical Association and VetInfo4Cats.com report that there are several different types of intestinal parasites common to cats. Intestinal parasites generally turn a cat's small or large intestine into their home; however, some parasites may also infect the respiratory tract or heart. Parasites are transmitted through several avenues, including infected water and feces, from a mother to her kittens or the ingestion of an infested rodent.

Giardia

Giardia cati can move effectively in a cat's small intestine.

According to Doctor Foster and Smith's Pet Education.com, "Giardia are protozoa (one-celled organisms) that live in the small intestine of cats and dogs." When a cat eats the cyst form of this organism, it releases its active form, trophozoite, into the animal's small intestine. Able to move very effectively inside the intestine, the parasite attaches itself to the cat's intestinal wall and begins to reproduce, disabling the cat's ability to garner nutrition from its food and damaging the intestinal lining. While the cat may not lose its appetite when infected with the giardia cati parasite, the animal will begin to lose weight.

Hookworms

Hookworms are common in kittens.

A common and frightening internal parasite, hookworms are especially prevalent in kittens. These toothy nibblers come in four different classifications; however, only the A. tubaeforme, A. braziliense and U. stenocephala infect cats. Using their "teeth-like structures or cutting plates," as Pet Eduction.com terms, hookworms affix themselves to the cat's intestine and begin to feed off of their blood. Not only does this cause serious conditions such as anemia and diarrhea, but hookworms might also be responsible for unexplained weight loss in the cat. In fact, seriously infected cats run the risk of dying from emaciation caused by hookworms.

Roundworms

Roundworms can be spread from cats to humans.

Another common internal parasite is the roundworm. Also known as ascarids, two of three classifications (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara cati) favor cats as their host. Roundworms are extremely contagious and pose a threat to both other animals and humans. If infested, a cat can pass millions of roundworm eggs in their fecal matter daily. Many monthly topical flea and tick applications also prevent roundworms. Pet Education.com recommends that if a cat becomes infested, it should be monitored and have fecal testing performed regularly once treatment is complete to ensure reinfestation does not occur.

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How to Cure a Cat Ear Infection

A cat suffering from an ear infection will frequently demonstrate unusual behaviors such as scratching or shaking her head in an effort to remove unwanted debris. In severe cases, cats have been known to lose their sense of balance. Though veterinarians can prescribe antibiotic medications to manage the ear infections, owners can also administer less potent solutions in an effort to avoid possible side effects of stronger medications.

Instructions

Instructions

1

Determine the cause of the irritation in the ear. If a brownish-pink wax is present in the ear, the cat may have contracted a yeast infection that simply needs a thorough cleaning with diluted white vinegar until the infection has been eliminated. Use one part water to one part vinegar to make the solution. For a more intense infection, consider administering a mixture of equal parts mineral oil and the herb pau d'arco. Pau d'arco is a natural remedy used to treat bacterial infections and should be used in limiting quantities. When ear mites are suspected, olive or almond oils are both extracts that are able to kill the mites and allow the infection to gradually heal.

2

Using a dropper, administer a few drops of the properly chosen remedy into the inner-ear by gently pulling the outer ear flap up and holding it with one hand while gently and comfortably cradling the cat in your arm. Apply the drops to the outer canal, the visible part of the ear, and hold the position long enough to allow the drops to flow to the inner ear.

3

Massage the ear canal with your thumb and forefinger until you hear a squishing sound indicating that the solution has reached the correct part of the canal.

4

Cleanse the outer ear canal and ear flap with a cotton ball soaked in rubbing alcohol to disinfect any debris that may have been dislodged after the administration of the solution.

5

If using the vinegar solution for yeast infections, repeat the above steps on a daily basis until the infection has subsided. For more intense infections using the pau d' arco solution, administer two to three times per day for the first two days and once per day for each additional day until the infection is gone. Administer the mineral oil solution for ear mites for three to four weeks using three to seven drops each day.

A cat suffering from an ear infection will frequently demonstrate unusual behaviors such as scratching or shaking her head in an effort to remove unwanted debris. In severe cases, cats have been known to lose their sense of balance. Though veterinarians can prescribe antibiotic medications to manage the ear infections, owners can also administer less potent solutions in an effort to avoid possible side effects of stronger medications.

Instructions

Instructions

1

Determine the cause of the irritation in the ear. If a brownish-pink wax is present in the ear, the cat may have contracted a yeast infection that simply needs a thorough cleaning with diluted white vinegar until the infection has been eliminated. Use one part water to one part vinegar to make the solution. For a more intense infection, consider administering a mixture of equal parts mineral oil and the herb pau d'arco. Pau d'arco is a natural remedy used to treat bacterial infections and should be used in limiting quantities. When ear mites are suspected, olive or almond oils are both extracts that are able to kill the mites and allow the infection to gradually heal.

2

Using a dropper, administer a few drops of the properly chosen remedy into the inner-ear by gently pulling the outer ear flap up and holding it with one hand while gently and comfortably cradling the cat in your arm. Apply the drops to the outer canal, the visible part of the ear, and hold the position long enough to allow the drops to flow to the inner ear.

3

Massage the ear canal with your thumb and forefinger until you hear a squishing sound indicating that the solution has reached the correct part of the canal.

4

Cleanse the outer ear canal and ear flap with a cotton ball soaked in rubbing alcohol to disinfect any debris that may have been dislodged after the administration of the solution.

5

If using the vinegar solution for yeast infections, repeat the above steps on a daily basis until the infection has subsided. For more intense infections using the pau d' arco solution, administer two to three times per day for the first two days and once per day for each additional day until the infection is gone. Administer the mineral oil solution for ear mites for three to four weeks using three to seven drops each day.

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Cat from Oostende {Belgium}

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How to Find Ringworm on a Cat

Ringworm, clinically known as dermatophytosis, is a fungal infection. Cats can contact ringworm from a variety of places such as infected soil or infected rodents. Cats will develop symptoms once they contract the fungal infection. The ringworm fungal infection needs treated immediately to keep your cat healthy. Ringworm is often difficult to cure on cats, and it can be transferred to humans or other animals.

Instructions

1

Search the cat's fur for circular patches of hair loss. These will typically be located around the head and limbs.

2

Locate circular red bumps on the hairless patch of skin. These bumps will often spread into a circle or oval.

3

Examine areas on the skin that are dry, flaky and itchy. These will typically accompany areas of patchy baldness on the cat. The areas may appear dark or red.

4

Take your cat to the veterinarian to do a culture of its fur. The veterinarian can determine whether your cat has the fungal infection.

Ringworm, clinically known as dermatophytosis, is a fungal infection. Cats can contact ringworm from a variety of places such as infected soil or infected rodents. Cats will develop symptoms once they contract the fungal infection. The ringworm fungal infection needs treated immediately to keep your cat healthy. Ringworm is often difficult to cure on cats, and it can be transferred to humans or other animals.

Instructions

1

Search the cat's fur for circular patches of hair loss. These will typically be located around the head and limbs.

2

Locate circular red bumps on the hairless patch of skin. These bumps will often spread into a circle or oval.

3

Examine areas on the skin that are dry, flaky and itchy. These will typically accompany areas of patchy baldness on the cat. The areas may appear dark or red.

4

Take your cat to the veterinarian to do a culture of its fur. The veterinarian can determine whether your cat has the fungal infection.

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How Do I Tell If a Stray Cat Is Still a Kitten?

The warm weather typically signifies kitten season. This generally leads to an influx of stray kittens. However, it is not always easy to determine if a stray cat is still a kitten. Generally, a kitten is no longer a kitten when it is 8 months old, and they are not fully mature until they are about 2 years old. There are several ways to tell if a stray or feral cat is still a kitten, including by observing their behavior or, once caught, examining their teeth.

Instructions

1

Observe the stray cat as closely as possible. Size is the first giveaway to determining if a cat is a kitten, as well as unopened eyes (less than 7-10 days old) and unable to really stand and walk (less than 2 to 3 weeks old).

2

Determine how active the cat is. If the stray cat begins to show some confidence in their movement, particularly their exploring, and is becoming extremely active, than it's a good bet they are 5 to 6 weeks old or older.

3

Examine the teeth. At 7 months, all adult teeth are typically developed. This includes the deciduous incisors, which are the smaller teeth in the front; the deciduous canines, the longer and pointy teeth in the front; and the pre-molars, all of which should have come in by 8 weeks. These are followed by the incisors (anterior teeth), canines (longer teeth), and molars (broad-surfaced teeth).

4

Check with a veterinarian. Often, a stray cat can appear small, such as the size of a developing kitten, if it is undernourished.

The warm weather typically signifies kitten season. This generally leads to an influx of stray kittens. However, it is not always easy to determine if a stray cat is still a kitten. Generally, a kitten is no longer a kitten when it is 8 months old, and they are not fully mature until they are about 2 years old. There are several ways to tell if a stray or feral cat is still a kitten, including by observing their behavior or, once caught, examining their teeth.

Instructions

1

Observe the stray cat as closely as possible. Size is the first giveaway to determining if a cat is a kitten, as well as unopened eyes (less than 7-10 days old) and unable to really stand and walk (less than 2 to 3 weeks old).

2

Determine how active the cat is. If the stray cat begins to show some confidence in their movement, particularly their exploring, and is becoming extremely active, than it's a good bet they are 5 to 6 weeks old or older.

3

Examine the teeth. At 7 months, all adult teeth are typically developed. This includes the deciduous incisors, which are the smaller teeth in the front; the deciduous canines, the longer and pointy teeth in the front; and the pre-molars, all of which should have come in by 8 weeks. These are followed by the incisors (anterior teeth), canines (longer teeth), and molars (broad-surfaced teeth).

4

Check with a veterinarian. Often, a stray cat can appear small, such as the size of a developing kitten, if it is undernourished.

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Mite Diseases on Cat Skin

Cats can get a variety of skin disorders. Some are a result of other health problems, and others are due to an outside problem, such as infestation of fleas, mites or other parasites.

Symptoms

A cat that has a skin problem because of mites will almost always show some symptoms. The most common symptoms include dry, red or flaking skin, hair loss, a dull coat, skin with red patches, scaly skin or round, raw patches on the head, hips and chest. A cat with a mite-driven skin problem may also lick or scratch the skin much more than normal.

Diagnosis

Owners who think a pet might have a mite infestation-caused skin disorder should take the animal to the vet for diagnosis. The vet will examine the skin, looking for fleas, mites or another parasite. If the diagnosis is unclear after the examination, further tests can include a biopsy, examining the skin under a special light called a woods light that identifies fungus or a blood test. Problems with mites or other bugs are easily diagnosed because most of the time the parasite is visible.

Fleas

Fleas are probably the most common bug that causes cat skin disorders. Fleas bite the skin and cause inflammation. Symptoms of flea infestation include red bumps on the skin, inflamed skin and scratching much more than normal.

Ear Mites

Cats can commonly have problems around the ears. Ear mites are the most common disorder. The cat will have highly irritated ear skin and a thick red crust or waxy-like substance in and around the ears. Treatment for ear mites can include ear drops, antibiotics or dips.

Mange

Another infestation is mange. Though it is fairly uncommon in cats, it is caused by mites under the cat's skin. Also called scabies, this disorder happens as a result of infestation of two types of mites: burrowing mites and non-burrowing mites. Burrowing mites lay eggs under the cat's skin, while non-burrowing mites feed on the cat's skin. Symptoms include hair loss, scabby skin and excessive itching. A veterinarian will diagnose the disorder by doing a skin scraping and putting the sample through a number of tests to look for mites. Mange is treated with an antibiotic dip and medication.

Cats can get a variety of skin disorders. Some are a result of other health problems, and others are due to an outside problem, such as infestation of fleas, mites or other parasites.

Symptoms

A cat that has a skin problem because of mites will almost always show some symptoms. The most common symptoms include dry, red or flaking skin, hair loss, a dull coat, skin with red patches, scaly skin or round, raw patches on the head, hips and chest. A cat with a mite-driven skin problem may also lick or scratch the skin much more than normal.

Diagnosis

Owners who think a pet might have a mite infestation-caused skin disorder should take the animal to the vet for diagnosis. The vet will examine the skin, looking for fleas, mites or another parasite. If the diagnosis is unclear after the examination, further tests can include a biopsy, examining the skin under a special light called a woods light that identifies fungus or a blood test. Problems with mites or other bugs are easily diagnosed because most of the time the parasite is visible.

Fleas

Fleas are probably the most common bug that causes cat skin disorders. Fleas bite the skin and cause inflammation. Symptoms of flea infestation include red bumps on the skin, inflamed skin and scratching much more than normal.

Ear Mites

Cats can commonly have problems around the ears. Ear mites are the most common disorder. The cat will have highly irritated ear skin and a thick red crust or waxy-like substance in and around the ears. Treatment for ear mites can include ear drops, antibiotics or dips.

Mange

Another infestation is mange. Though it is fairly uncommon in cats, it is caused by mites under the cat's skin. Also called scabies, this disorder happens as a result of infestation of two types of mites: burrowing mites and non-burrowing mites. Burrowing mites lay eggs under the cat's skin, while non-burrowing mites feed on the cat's skin. Symptoms include hair loss, scabby skin and excessive itching. A veterinarian will diagnose the disorder by doing a skin scraping and putting the sample through a number of tests to look for mites. Mange is treated with an antibiotic dip and medication.

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Signs of Feline Kidney Disease

Kidney disease is a common and often serious condition that affects many cats. According to the Doctors Foster and Smith website, kidney disease results from a variety of conditions, including trauma, age, cancer, autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Cats with kidney disease will show common symptoms. If you are concerned your cat has kidney disease, take him to the veterinarian as soon as possible for treatment.

Changes in Water Consumption and Urination

Cats experiencing kidney disease will show a few signs that they are not feeling good. Many cats will drink morea condition called polydipsiaand as a result, will urinate more, which is called polyuria. Contrarily, some cats will experience the opposite symptoms, states Doctors Foster and Smith; some cats will have a decrease in their urination and some will simply not urinate at all. Cats with kidney disease may also have blood in their urine or urinate at night while sleeping.

Gastrointestinal Changes

According to Dr. Arnold Plotnick of the Pet Place website, some cats with kidney disease will have decreases in their appetites or refuse to eat at all. As a result, they will lose weight. Affected cats may vomit or have diarrhea as well.

Changes in Behavior and Appearance

The Doctors Foster and Smith website states that cats with kidney disease will often act different than usual. Many will appear lethargic and show a reluctance to move. Some will also appear hunched over. Cats experiencing kidney disease may also have poor-looking hair coats and appear unkempt. Affected cats may also have swollen abdomens, on account of an accumulation of fluid, and pale gums, which is indicative of anemia. Cats with kidney disease may also have bad breath that smells like urine, in addition to ulcers on the cheeks and swollen limbs.

Clinical Signs

Some symptoms of kidney disease will not be apparent until your veterinarian performs a physical examination on the cat. Cats with kidney disease are often dehydrateda condition that the veterinarian will be able to determine. Affected cats often have smaller kidneys than normal, which are often painful, and have high blood pressure. Changes in the retina can occur due to the high blood pressure.

Kidney disease is a common and often serious condition that affects many cats. According to the Doctors Foster and Smith website, kidney disease results from a variety of conditions, including trauma, age, cancer, autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Cats with kidney disease will show common symptoms. If you are concerned your cat has kidney disease, take him to the veterinarian as soon as possible for treatment.

Changes in Water Consumption and Urination

Cats experiencing kidney disease will show a few signs that they are not feeling good. Many cats will drink morea condition called polydipsiaand as a result, will urinate more, which is called polyuria. Contrarily, some cats will experience the opposite symptoms, states Doctors Foster and Smith; some cats will have a decrease in their urination and some will simply not urinate at all. Cats with kidney disease may also have blood in their urine or urinate at night while sleeping.

Gastrointestinal Changes

According to Dr. Arnold Plotnick of the Pet Place website, some cats with kidney disease will have decreases in their appetites or refuse to eat at all. As a result, they will lose weight. Affected cats may vomit or have diarrhea as well.

Changes in Behavior and Appearance

The Doctors Foster and Smith website states that cats with kidney disease will often act different than usual. Many will appear lethargic and show a reluctance to move. Some will also appear hunched over. Cats experiencing kidney disease may also have poor-looking hair coats and appear unkempt. Affected cats may also have swollen abdomens, on account of an accumulation of fluid, and pale gums, which is indicative of anemia. Cats with kidney disease may also have bad breath that smells like urine, in addition to ulcers on the cheeks and swollen limbs.

Clinical Signs

Some symptoms of kidney disease will not be apparent until your veterinarian performs a physical examination on the cat. Cats with kidney disease are often dehydrateda condition that the veterinarian will be able to determine. Affected cats often have smaller kidneys than normal, which are often painful, and have high blood pressure. Changes in the retina can occur due to the high blood pressure.

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Is English Ivy Poisonous to Cats?

English ivy is poisonous to cats. English ivy is also very attractive to a feline that is craving greens to help eliminate fur balls or ease indigestion. For a household with cats, English ivy is not a safe indoor or outdoor plant variety.

Identification

English ivy is also known as branching, glacier, needlepoint, sweetheart and California ivy. All varieties contain Triterpenoid saponins (hederagenin), the toxic principle that not only poisons cats, but also dogs and horses, according to the ASPCA. English ivy foliage, the part most attractive to cats, is more poisonous than the berries.

Effects

A cat that has ingested an English ivy plant salivates excessively, vomits and suffers from diarrhea. The feline also shows signs of abdominal pain and sensitivity. In severe cases of toxicity, the cat's organs might fail.

Prevention/Solution

Emergency veterinary medical attention is crucial to saving a cat that is ill from eating English ivy. Prevention is the better alternative, however. If English ivy is a must for the home or garden, make sure the cat cannot access it. Check the plant regularly, particularly the leaves, for signs of the cat eating it. If the cat becomes ill, take it to the vet immediately, or contact the ASPCA's National Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435. As of 2010, the ASPCA charges of $65 per case.

English ivy is poisonous to cats. English ivy is also very attractive to a feline that is craving greens to help eliminate fur balls or ease indigestion. For a household with cats, English ivy is not a safe indoor or outdoor plant variety.

Identification

English ivy is also known as branching, glacier, needlepoint, sweetheart and California ivy. All varieties contain Triterpenoid saponins (hederagenin), the toxic principle that not only poisons cats, but also dogs and horses, according to the ASPCA. English ivy foliage, the part most attractive to cats, is more poisonous than the berries.

Effects

A cat that has ingested an English ivy plant salivates excessively, vomits and suffers from diarrhea. The feline also shows signs of abdominal pain and sensitivity. In severe cases of toxicity, the cat's organs might fail.

Prevention/Solution

Emergency veterinary medical attention is crucial to saving a cat that is ill from eating English ivy. Prevention is the better alternative, however. If English ivy is a must for the home or garden, make sure the cat cannot access it. Check the plant regularly, particularly the leaves, for signs of the cat eating it. If the cat becomes ill, take it to the vet immediately, or contact the ASPCA's National Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435. As of 2010, the ASPCA charges of $65 per case.

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Tips to Find a Lost Cat

Cats make great companions and it can be very difficult and overwhelming when they get lost. Searching for them can become frustrating because of their ability to hide in small spaces, as well as climb to great heights. Understanding a cat's instincts, staying calm and following a few simple guidelines can help in the safe return of the beloved family pet.

Confirm the Cat Is Lost

Because cats tend to find unusual places for cat naps and can squeeze through very small openings, it is important to check all areas of the house before deciding the pet has gotten lost. Cats may be found napping on top of the refrigerator, in an open closet or behind furniture, so if it seems like the cat could have accessed a specific place, there is a good possibility that it has. During this search, calling the cat's name, crinkling a bag of treats, or shaking a cat toy with bells may help draw it out from wherever it is hiding. If the cat is not found during this search, there is a good possibility it is actually lost. It is important to begin searching for it immediately, especially if it is an indoor-only cat, because of the possibility of injury or death in an unfamiliar area.

Search Outside the House

Because cats are so territorial, they will generally stay close to the house after making it outside. They can become easily frightened by traffic or other animals and hide in trees, under vehicles, or in basements and crawlspaces. If the cat is found, it should be approached in a slow and calm manner, so it does not become startled and run away to find a new place to hide. If there are no signs of the cat in the immediate area around the house, ask the neighbors for any information. Give them a phone number to call if the cat is seen and ask permission for a quick search of their yard.

Try to Lure the Cat Home

Placing food and water out for the cat may attract it back to the home or at least, ensure that it has nourishment while hiding nearby. Because cats use scent to identify a place as their home, scratching posts, litter boxes or bedding that the cat has recently used can be placed outside, but close to the house, as a guide to the animal.

Contact Local Animal Shelters

Many lost pets can be found at animal shelters. Calling or visiting these facilities can confirm whether or not the lost cat is there, as well as alert them to the possibility of the cat being brought there in the future. Leave a phone number and a picture of the cat, if possible. It is important to call or visit the shelter daily until the cat is found, because it is most likely that you will be best able to identify your missing pet.

Post Fliers in the Area

Prepare fliers with the words "lost cat" in large, legible font. Be sure to include a phone number and a color photo of the cat, if possible. Using bright colors and a neat format, as well as including information such as the cat's name and any unusual markings or identifying features, will increase the chance that the cat will be found. These fliers can be posted at veterinary offices, gas stations or community notice boards, and will usually be most effective when posted within a one-mile radius of where the cat went missing.

Cats make great companions and it can be very difficult and overwhelming when they get lost. Searching for them can become frustrating because of their ability to hide in small spaces, as well as climb to great heights. Understanding a cat's instincts, staying calm and following a few simple guidelines can help in the safe return of the beloved family pet.

Confirm the Cat Is Lost

Because cats tend to find unusual places for cat naps and can squeeze through very small openings, it is important to check all areas of the house before deciding the pet has gotten lost. Cats may be found napping on top of the refrigerator, in an open closet or behind furniture, so if it seems like the cat could have accessed a specific place, there is a good possibility that it has. During this search, calling the cat's name, crinkling a bag of treats, or shaking a cat toy with bells may help draw it out from wherever it is hiding. If the cat is not found during this search, there is a good possibility it is actually lost. It is important to begin searching for it immediately, especially if it is an indoor-only cat, because of the possibility of injury or death in an unfamiliar area.

Search Outside the House

Because cats are so territorial, they will generally stay close to the house after making it outside. They can become easily frightened by traffic or other animals and hide in trees, under vehicles, or in basements and crawlspaces. If the cat is found, it should be approached in a slow and calm manner, so it does not become startled and run away to find a new place to hide. If there are no signs of the cat in the immediate area around the house, ask the neighbors for any information. Give them a phone number to call if the cat is seen and ask permission for a quick search of their yard.

Try to Lure the Cat Home

Placing food and water out for the cat may attract it back to the home or at least, ensure that it has nourishment while hiding nearby. Because cats use scent to identify a place as their home, scratching posts, litter boxes or bedding that the cat has recently used can be placed outside, but close to the house, as a guide to the animal.

Contact Local Animal Shelters

Many lost pets can be found at animal shelters. Calling or visiting these facilities can confirm whether or not the lost cat is there, as well as alert them to the possibility of the cat being brought there in the future. Leave a phone number and a picture of the cat, if possible. It is important to call or visit the shelter daily until the cat is found, because it is most likely that you will be best able to identify your missing pet.

Post Fliers in the Area

Prepare fliers with the words "lost cat" in large, legible font. Be sure to include a phone number and a color photo of the cat, if possible. Using bright colors and a neat format, as well as including information such as the cat's name and any unusual markings or identifying features, will increase the chance that the cat will be found. These fliers can be posted at veterinary offices, gas stations or community notice boards, and will usually be most effective when posted within a one-mile radius of where the cat went missing.

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How Do House Cats Get Worms?

There are several types of worms that can infect cats, and even if your cat is indoors most or all of the time, they can still become infected. Roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, heartworms and to a lesser extent, whipworms, can all be passed to cats from another source. It is important for cat owners to learn the ways in which worms are passed from an outside environment to their house cats, as this will ensure they use preventative measures.

Worms Transmitted From The Cat's Mother

If a pregnant cat is infected with worms, she will pass the worms to her kittens. The worm larvae can be transmitted while the kittens are still inside the mother's uterus, and can also be passed to the kittens after birth through the mother's milk during nursing.

Worms Transmitted by Mosquito

Heartworms are transmitted by mosquito bite, the worm larvae passing into the cat's bloodstream as the mosquito bites and feeds on the cat. Mosquitoes enter the house through doors and windows that are constantly opened and shut. Once infected, there is no treatment for heartworms for cats, so preventative measures such as monthly heartworm medication should be given.

Worms Transmitted by Fleas

Tapeworms normally infect house cats when they ingest fleas that are infected with the tapeworm larvae. The tapeworm will then grown inside the cat and begin to drop segments out of the cat's anus, which then can ensure that the cycle repeats itself.

Worms Transmitted by Ingesting Infected Animals

House cats can become infected with worms when they eat tissue from infected animals such as mice or rats. The smaller animals become infected outside, and when they venture inside the house, the cat kills and eats them, which transmits the worms. Cockroaches are even known to carry some types or worms such as tapeworms, and ingesting the roach can infect the cat as well.

Worms Transmitted by an Outdoor Pet

An outdoor pet such as a dog or another cat can walk through an area that is infested with worm eggs, and then carry the eggs into the house. The eggs will often stick to the pet's fur on its feet, and then fall off once inside the house. The house cat inadvertently steps on the eggs, and ingests the eggs while grooming itself. Once ingested, the eggs will hatch in the cat's gastrointestinal tract, and the cat becomes infected.

There are several types of worms that can infect cats, and even if your cat is indoors most or all of the time, they can still become infected. Roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, heartworms and to a lesser extent, whipworms, can all be passed to cats from another source. It is important for cat owners to learn the ways in which worms are passed from an outside environment to their house cats, as this will ensure they use preventative measures.

Worms Transmitted From The Cat's Mother

If a pregnant cat is infected with worms, she will pass the worms to her kittens. The worm larvae can be transmitted while the kittens are still inside the mother's uterus, and can also be passed to the kittens after birth through the mother's milk during nursing.

Worms Transmitted by Mosquito

Heartworms are transmitted by mosquito bite, the worm larvae passing into the cat's bloodstream as the mosquito bites and feeds on the cat. Mosquitoes enter the house through doors and windows that are constantly opened and shut. Once infected, there is no treatment for heartworms for cats, so preventative measures such as monthly heartworm medication should be given.

Worms Transmitted by Fleas

Tapeworms normally infect house cats when they ingest fleas that are infected with the tapeworm larvae. The tapeworm will then grown inside the cat and begin to drop segments out of the cat's anus, which then can ensure that the cycle repeats itself.

Worms Transmitted by Ingesting Infected Animals

House cats can become infected with worms when they eat tissue from infected animals such as mice or rats. The smaller animals become infected outside, and when they venture inside the house, the cat kills and eats them, which transmits the worms. Cockroaches are even known to carry some types or worms such as tapeworms, and ingesting the roach can infect the cat as well.

Worms Transmitted by an Outdoor Pet

An outdoor pet such as a dog or another cat can walk through an area that is infested with worm eggs, and then carry the eggs into the house. The eggs will often stick to the pet's fur on its feet, and then fall off once inside the house. The house cat inadvertently steps on the eggs, and ingests the eggs while grooming itself. Once ingested, the eggs will hatch in the cat's gastrointestinal tract, and the cat becomes infected.

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Cat from Molyvos {Lesbos}

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What Is the Difference Between Spaying & Neutering?

The words spay and neuter are often used in the same context, but they dont mean exactly the same thing. These two words are often used interchangeably, and while the term "neuter" can be used in either context, "spay" cannot.

Female Animals

Spaying is an abdominal surgery that removes a female animals reproductive organs. The specific organs removed usually include the ovaries and the uterus, although in younger animals it is only necessary to remove the ovaries. The medical term for spaying is ovariohysterectomy.

Male Animals

Neutering is a term that can be used interchangeably for male or female surgery in an animal. However, the term is used most often when referring to a surgical procedure that removes a male animals reproductive organs, specifically the testes. Sometimes this is called castration or, when referring to horses, gelding. For neutering, the medical term is orchiectomy.

Other Terms

The term fixed is not gender specific and can be used to describe the surgery done on either male or female animals. Other non-gender-specific terms include sterilization, altering or gonadectomy.

Considerations

To have a male cat neutered is just as important as having a female cat spayed. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, having this procedure done can be beneficial to your pets health and will help to reduce the pet overpopulation problem that America faces today.

When to Fix

The conventional age for a male or female animal to be spayed or neutered is six months. According to the American Humane Association, a cat or dog can be spayed as early as six weeks of age. There are many proponents to early-age neutering, including the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and the American Animal Hospital Association.

The words spay and neuter are often used in the same context, but they dont mean exactly the same thing. These two words are often used interchangeably, and while the term "neuter" can be used in either context, "spay" cannot.

Female Animals

Spaying is an abdominal surgery that removes a female animals reproductive organs. The specific organs removed usually include the ovaries and the uterus, although in younger animals it is only necessary to remove the ovaries. The medical term for spaying is ovariohysterectomy.

Male Animals

Neutering is a term that can be used interchangeably for male or female surgery in an animal. However, the term is used most often when referring to a surgical procedure that removes a male animals reproductive organs, specifically the testes. Sometimes this is called castration or, when referring to horses, gelding. For neutering, the medical term is orchiectomy.

Other Terms

The term fixed is not gender specific and can be used to describe the surgery done on either male or female animals. Other non-gender-specific terms include sterilization, altering or gonadectomy.

Considerations

To have a male cat neutered is just as important as having a female cat spayed. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, having this procedure done can be beneficial to your pets health and will help to reduce the pet overpopulation problem that America faces today.

When to Fix

The conventional age for a male or female animal to be spayed or neutered is six months. According to the American Humane Association, a cat or dog can be spayed as early as six weeks of age. There are many proponents to early-age neutering, including the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and the American Animal Hospital Association.

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Feline Kidney Disease & Buprenex

Buprenorphine, marketed as the name brand Buprenex, is a synthetic opiate that mimics opiates such as morphine. Though only FDA-approved for use in humans, many veterinarians prescribe Buprenex as an extra-label drug for the purpose of pain management in animals. Use of Buprenex in felines with decreased kidney function could potentially worsen the condition of the cat's kidneys.

Veterinary Consultation

You should always take cats showing symptoms that resemble those of kidney failure to a veterinarian, no exceptions. Though many websites and books offer advice for home diagnosis, only a veterinarian can prescribe the medication a sick feline may need. Buprenex, like most opiate and synthetic opiate painkillers, requires a veterinarian's prescription for use. Due to the potentially harmful effects of Buprenex on an animal's kidneys, a veterinarian may prescribe a substitute painkiller.

How Buprenorphine Works

Opiates and synthetic opiates function the same way: by binding to the brain's opiate receptors and stimulating them. This stimulation of the opiate receptors dulls pain in both humans and animals. The FDA recommends Buprenex for relief of moderate to severe pain, as Buprenex is 30 times as potent as morphine. Veterinarians usually administer buprenorphine intravenously, though oral doses are available as well. A veterinarian might also inject the drug intramuscularly via a syringe. Effects of Buprenex are short-onset, which means the drug will ease pain shortly after dosage.

Legality

Though Buprenex has been marketed and approved for human use since the 1980s, the FDA has yet to approve it for veterinary use. When veterinarians prescribe Buprenex for feline pain management, they do so via an "extra-label" prescription. This means that the drug is being used in a species or for a purpose not listed on its label, though the usage remains legal. Buprenorphine requires a veterinarian's prescription due to its legal status as a Schedule III narcotic.

Interaction with Kidneys

Veterinarians should--and do--take extreme caution when prescribing Buprenex as a pain treatment for an animal with kidney problems, due to the fact that it may worsen symptoms. Once Buprenex is in the feline's blood, the kidneys and gall bladder attempt to filter it out a small amount through a process called excretion. The gall bladder excretes most of the buprenorphine into bile, however approximately 15 percent of the Buprenex present in the blood requires kidney excretion. Though chances are small, the increased burden on the feline's kidneys may increase the severity of kidney problems due to the kidney already being damaged.

Other Side Effects and Overdosage

Buprenex, as an opioid, possesses a list of minor side effects common to all drugs in its family. These side effects include mild to severe nausea, headaches, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. Buprenex presents with fewer adverse effects than other opiates such as morphine. Sedation is the most common side effect of Buprenex treatment in cats, although in rare cases, the buprenorphine can lead to slower breathing. Buprenex, due to its high safety index, carries almost no risk of overdose, though obviously a veterinarian should determine the dose.

Buprenorphine, marketed as the name brand Buprenex, is a synthetic opiate that mimics opiates such as morphine. Though only FDA-approved for use in humans, many veterinarians prescribe Buprenex as an extra-label drug for the purpose of pain management in animals. Use of Buprenex in felines with decreased kidney function could potentially worsen the condition of the cat's kidneys.

Veterinary Consultation

You should always take cats showing symptoms that resemble those of kidney failure to a veterinarian, no exceptions. Though many websites and books offer advice for home diagnosis, only a veterinarian can prescribe the medication a sick feline may need. Buprenex, like most opiate and synthetic opiate painkillers, requires a veterinarian's prescription for use. Due to the potentially harmful effects of Buprenex on an animal's kidneys, a veterinarian may prescribe a substitute painkiller.

How Buprenorphine Works

Opiates and synthetic opiates function the same way: by binding to the brain's opiate receptors and stimulating them. This stimulation of the opiate receptors dulls pain in both humans and animals. The FDA recommends Buprenex for relief of moderate to severe pain, as Buprenex is 30 times as potent as morphine. Veterinarians usually administer buprenorphine intravenously, though oral doses are available as well. A veterinarian might also inject the drug intramuscularly via a syringe. Effects of Buprenex are short-onset, which means the drug will ease pain shortly after dosage.

Legality

Though Buprenex has been marketed and approved for human use since the 1980s, the FDA has yet to approve it for veterinary use. When veterinarians prescribe Buprenex for feline pain management, they do so via an "extra-label" prescription. This means that the drug is being used in a species or for a purpose not listed on its label, though the usage remains legal. Buprenorphine requires a veterinarian's prescription due to its legal status as a Schedule III narcotic.

Interaction with Kidneys

Veterinarians should--and do--take extreme caution when prescribing Buprenex as a pain treatment for an animal with kidney problems, due to the fact that it may worsen symptoms. Once Buprenex is in the feline's blood, the kidneys and gall bladder attempt to filter it out a small amount through a process called excretion. The gall bladder excretes most of the buprenorphine into bile, however approximately 15 percent of the Buprenex present in the blood requires kidney excretion. Though chances are small, the increased burden on the feline's kidneys may increase the severity of kidney problems due to the kidney already being damaged.

Other Side Effects and Overdosage

Buprenex, as an opioid, possesses a list of minor side effects common to all drugs in its family. These side effects include mild to severe nausea, headaches, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. Buprenex presents with fewer adverse effects than other opiates such as morphine. Sedation is the most common side effect of Buprenex treatment in cats, although in rare cases, the buprenorphine can lead to slower breathing. Buprenex, due to its high safety index, carries almost no risk of overdose, though obviously a veterinarian should determine the dose.

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What Are a Cat's Contractions Like?

Cats typically have a gestation period of 61 to 70 days, following the date of conception. However, even your veterinarian cannot accurately predict the exact date when the birth will occur. When you know what to expect, including how the contractions look, you can better take care of your pet and ensure a healthy birth.

Early Signs

Cats typically show signs of labor and contractions up to 48 hours before labor starts. The cat will start wandering around, showing signs of restlessness or anxiety. Some cats will even identify a nesting spot, or the place where they intend to have the kittens. Most cats lick their vagina and abdomen and you may notice some signs of a discharge. In the hours before labor starts, she will focus more on the licking and stop trying to eat or drink.

Contractions

Once the contractions begin, the cat's breathing rate increases. She may start pacing the room or howl in a loud tone. Watch for her to lie down on one side, which indicates that contractions are starting. Cats often alternate between lying on one side and squatting in place. When the cat squats, she forces down and tries to push out the kittens.

Kittens

Following labor, it usually only takes about an hour for the first kitten to appear. Following the first kitten, the mother cat continues delivering babies every 10 to 60 minutes. Kittens have an amniotic sac wrapped around them, which resembles a thick jelly. The mother cat pushes off the sac by licking the kitten. Sometimes, the mother cat doesn't completely remove the sac. When this occurs, quickly rub the kitten with a dry towel and force off the sac. The cat should start nursing the kittens as soon as the sac is gone.

Warning

Contact a veterinarian if labor lasts seven hours or more. Take the cat to a doctor if one of the kittens is trapped in the birth canal for longer than 10 minutes, or if you cannot remove the kitten on your own. Call the vet if the cat shows signs of labor or contractions for longer than four hours without delivering a kitten. It is dangerous for the mother cat to go five hours or longer without delivering a kitten.

Cats typically have a gestation period of 61 to 70 days, following the date of conception. However, even your veterinarian cannot accurately predict the exact date when the birth will occur. When you know what to expect, including how the contractions look, you can better take care of your pet and ensure a healthy birth.

Early Signs

Cats typically show signs of labor and contractions up to 48 hours before labor starts. The cat will start wandering around, showing signs of restlessness or anxiety. Some cats will even identify a nesting spot, or the place where they intend to have the kittens. Most cats lick their vagina and abdomen and you may notice some signs of a discharge. In the hours before labor starts, she will focus more on the licking and stop trying to eat or drink.

Contractions

Once the contractions begin, the cat's breathing rate increases. She may start pacing the room or howl in a loud tone. Watch for her to lie down on one side, which indicates that contractions are starting. Cats often alternate between lying on one side and squatting in place. When the cat squats, she forces down and tries to push out the kittens.

Kittens

Following labor, it usually only takes about an hour for the first kitten to appear. Following the first kitten, the mother cat continues delivering babies every 10 to 60 minutes. Kittens have an amniotic sac wrapped around them, which resembles a thick jelly. The mother cat pushes off the sac by licking the kitten. Sometimes, the mother cat doesn't completely remove the sac. When this occurs, quickly rub the kitten with a dry towel and force off the sac. The cat should start nursing the kittens as soon as the sac is gone.

Warning

Contact a veterinarian if labor lasts seven hours or more. Take the cat to a doctor if one of the kittens is trapped in the birth canal for longer than 10 minutes, or if you cannot remove the kitten on your own. Call the vet if the cat shows signs of labor or contractions for longer than four hours without delivering a kitten. It is dangerous for the mother cat to go five hours or longer without delivering a kitten.

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How to Treat a Cat for a Scrape or Abrasion

Friction against any surface can cause a scrape or abrasion. You can sometimes treat minor scrapes and abrasions on your cat at home; however, if your cat seems injured in any other way (if she is limping, for example), take her in to your vet. Superficial skin injuries may not be her only problem. Otherwise, as long as you keep a close eye on the wound after treating it and keep the cats activity to a minimum, abrasions and scrapes should heal without complications.

Instructions

1

Keep the cat as calm and still as possible. You may want to wear long sleeves to avoid getting scratches on your arms. Most cats will not let anyone near a wound without putting up a fight. If some other cat lover is around who can hold the cat for you, solicit his help.

2

Pour a sterile wound cleaner directly on the abrasion. This cleaner comes in some pet first aid kits and you can also buy it at pet stores. If you dont have any on hand, use warm (not hot) water and salt to flush out dirt from the wound. Petdoc.com recommends using one teaspoon of salt per two cups of water.

3

Use a wet piece of sterile gauze or a clean cloth to wipe the abrasion. Be gentle--dont scrub. The purpose is to remove surface debris from the wound so the abrasion will not be as susceptible to infection. If you notice any debris embedded deep in the scrape, talk to your veterinarian.

4

Apply an antibiotic spray or ointment to the area. Leave the abrasion uncovered, or cover it very loosely with a gauze bandage. Youll need to reapply the ointment. According to acatdog.com, you should apply the ointment at least twice a day and up to four times a day.

Friction against any surface can cause a scrape or abrasion. You can sometimes treat minor scrapes and abrasions on your cat at home; however, if your cat seems injured in any other way (if she is limping, for example), take her in to your vet. Superficial skin injuries may not be her only problem. Otherwise, as long as you keep a close eye on the wound after treating it and keep the cats activity to a minimum, abrasions and scrapes should heal without complications.

Instructions

1

Keep the cat as calm and still as possible. You may want to wear long sleeves to avoid getting scratches on your arms. Most cats will not let anyone near a wound without putting up a fight. If some other cat lover is around who can hold the cat for you, solicit his help.

2

Pour a sterile wound cleaner directly on the abrasion. This cleaner comes in some pet first aid kits and you can also buy it at pet stores. If you dont have any on hand, use warm (not hot) water and salt to flush out dirt from the wound. Petdoc.com recommends using one teaspoon of salt per two cups of water.

3

Use a wet piece of sterile gauze or a clean cloth to wipe the abrasion. Be gentle--dont scrub. The purpose is to remove surface debris from the wound so the abrasion will not be as susceptible to infection. If you notice any debris embedded deep in the scrape, talk to your veterinarian.

4

Apply an antibiotic spray or ointment to the area. Leave the abrasion uncovered, or cover it very loosely with a gauze bandage. Youll need to reapply the ointment. According to acatdog.com, you should apply the ointment at least twice a day and up to four times a day.

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My Cat Lost a Lot of Weight & Stopped Eating

Weight loss and loss of appetite in a cat should cause concern. While the solution may be as simple as offering extra attention to thwart depression or separation anxiety, the same symptoms could signal that something much more serious is going on. When normal attempts to revive a sluggish appetite fail or your cat continues to lose weight with no obvious cause, it's probably time to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

Parasites

Intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss. Fecal and blood tests will identify which parasites are causing the problems so you can administer a suitable dewormer. Cats are most vulnerable to hookworms, tapeworms, giardia and heartworms, all of which can do considerable damage if left untreated.

Fleas transmit tapeworms or cats can pass giardia to each other via the litter box by eating rodents that are infested. It's often the case that if one cat is infested, all cats in the same household will need treatment.

Dental Problems

If the cat's teeth are bad, eating may be unpleasant and he may refuse to eat or eat too little, resulting in weight loss. Older cats that have lost some teeth or are experiencing decay are especially vulnerable. During the cat's annual check-up, ask your veterinarian to check its teeth and clean them if necessary.

Feline Leukemia

Feline leukemia is a highly infectious disease that is usually fatal, although some cats may carry the virus but never contract the disease. Fe-Luk is transmitted via saliva and body fluids. One of the primary symptoms is weight loss along with anemia and loss of appetite.

Feline Cancer

Weight loss and loss of appetite or difficulty eating along with lethargy and loss of interest in daily activities could mean your cat has developed cancer. Other signs of cancer include stiffness or lameness, sores that don't heal, unexplained bleeding through any body opening, vomiting, diarrhea, or difficulty urinating or defecating. You may also notice lumps or bumps on the body. As is always the case with cancer, early diagnosis and treatment gives your cat the best possible chance for recovery.

Stimulating a Cat's Appetite

Once you or the vet has determined the cause of weight loss or change in eating habits, you'll need to not only keep your cat hydrated by supplying clean water, but also find a food that will tantalize his sense of smell. Foods that have a strong smell, such as sardines or tuna, are often hard for a cat to resist. Vitamin B12 can stimulate the appetite as can milk thistle and catnip. For some cats, you may need a simpler solution---just holding your cat more often and especially at mealtimes will make her feel more secure and safe, which can improve her disposition and appetite.

Weight loss and loss of appetite in a cat should cause concern. While the solution may be as simple as offering extra attention to thwart depression or separation anxiety, the same symptoms could signal that something much more serious is going on. When normal attempts to revive a sluggish appetite fail or your cat continues to lose weight with no obvious cause, it's probably time to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

Parasites

Intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss. Fecal and blood tests will identify which parasites are causing the problems so you can administer a suitable dewormer. Cats are most vulnerable to hookworms, tapeworms, giardia and heartworms, all of which can do considerable damage if left untreated.

Fleas transmit tapeworms or cats can pass giardia to each other via the litter box by eating rodents that are infested. It's often the case that if one cat is infested, all cats in the same household will need treatment.

Dental Problems

If the cat's teeth are bad, eating may be unpleasant and he may refuse to eat or eat too little, resulting in weight loss. Older cats that have lost some teeth or are experiencing decay are especially vulnerable. During the cat's annual check-up, ask your veterinarian to check its teeth and clean them if necessary.

Feline Leukemia

Feline leukemia is a highly infectious disease that is usually fatal, although some cats may carry the virus but never contract the disease. Fe-Luk is transmitted via saliva and body fluids. One of the primary symptoms is weight loss along with anemia and loss of appetite.

Feline Cancer

Weight loss and loss of appetite or difficulty eating along with lethargy and loss of interest in daily activities could mean your cat has developed cancer. Other signs of cancer include stiffness or lameness, sores that don't heal, unexplained bleeding through any body opening, vomiting, diarrhea, or difficulty urinating or defecating. You may also notice lumps or bumps on the body. As is always the case with cancer, early diagnosis and treatment gives your cat the best possible chance for recovery.

Stimulating a Cat's Appetite

Once you or the vet has determined the cause of weight loss or change in eating habits, you'll need to not only keep your cat hydrated by supplying clean water, but also find a food that will tantalize his sense of smell. Foods that have a strong smell, such as sardines or tuna, are often hard for a cat to resist. Vitamin B12 can stimulate the appetite as can milk thistle and catnip. For some cats, you may need a simpler solution---just holding your cat more often and especially at mealtimes will make her feel more secure and safe, which can improve her disposition and appetite.

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What Are the Causes of Congestive Heart Failure in Cats?

Congestive heart failure in cats is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient quantities of blood to the body. Normally in congestive heart failure, the heart begins working overtime to make up for its lack of efficiency and begins to enlarge as fluid accumulates in the heart. There are many different causes of congestive heart failure in cats, but the result is always the same; it eventually leads to death.

Aging

The main cause of congestive heart failure in cats is the degeneration of the heart valves with age. As cats age the heart muscle begins to show signs of wear. The heart valves do not open and close as efficiently as they did when the cat was younger, allowing small amounts of blood to flow backward. This backflow of blood makes each subsequent pump of the heart more difficult than the last, forcing the heart to work harder. The heart muscle will begin to enlarge from the extra effort and the walls will begin to thicken, making it even harder to pump blood and aggravating the condition.

Congenital Defects

The next-most-common cause of heart failure in cats is congenital defects. When a kitten is born with a defect in her heart, she will exhibit signs of weakness such as exercise intolerance, panting and pale mucous membranes. Depending on the severity of the defect, cats with congenital heart defects are likely to suffer a premature death.

Other Causes

Other causes of heart failure in cats include: heartworm disease, infections of the heart and pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Each of these conditions, while treatable, can cause congestive heart failure in cats if left untreated.

Symptoms

Symptoms that your cat might be experiencing heart failure include: shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, weight loss, chronic fatigue and coughing. If you notice any of these symptoms in your pet, have him evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment is paramount for preserving your cat's quality and longevity of life.

Treatment

Treatments for congestive heart failure are aimed at providing your cat with some relief from symptoms, not as a cure for the disease. Common treatments include: diuretics (water pills), oxygen treatments and nitroglycerine. The diet will be modified to limit sodium to relieve the excess fluid buildup, and a digoxin to improve heart function may be prescribed. The cat's survival depends on the owner's diligence in ensuring the cat strictly follows medication and dietary protocols.

Congestive heart failure in cats is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient quantities of blood to the body. Normally in congestive heart failure, the heart begins working overtime to make up for its lack of efficiency and begins to enlarge as fluid accumulates in the heart. There are many different causes of congestive heart failure in cats, but the result is always the same; it eventually leads to death.

Aging

The main cause of congestive heart failure in cats is the degeneration of the heart valves with age. As cats age the heart muscle begins to show signs of wear. The heart valves do not open and close as efficiently as they did when the cat was younger, allowing small amounts of blood to flow backward. This backflow of blood makes each subsequent pump of the heart more difficult than the last, forcing the heart to work harder. The heart muscle will begin to enlarge from the extra effort and the walls will begin to thicken, making it even harder to pump blood and aggravating the condition.

Congenital Defects

The next-most-common cause of heart failure in cats is congenital defects. When a kitten is born with a defect in her heart, she will exhibit signs of weakness such as exercise intolerance, panting and pale mucous membranes. Depending on the severity of the defect, cats with congenital heart defects are likely to suffer a premature death.

Other Causes

Other causes of heart failure in cats include: heartworm disease, infections of the heart and pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Each of these conditions, while treatable, can cause congestive heart failure in cats if left untreated.

Symptoms

Symptoms that your cat might be experiencing heart failure include: shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, weight loss, chronic fatigue and coughing. If you notice any of these symptoms in your pet, have him evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment is paramount for preserving your cat's quality and longevity of life.

Treatment

Treatments for congestive heart failure are aimed at providing your cat with some relief from symptoms, not as a cure for the disease. Common treatments include: diuretics (water pills), oxygen treatments and nitroglycerine. The diet will be modified to limit sodium to relieve the excess fluid buildup, and a digoxin to improve heart function may be prescribed. The cat's survival depends on the owner's diligence in ensuring the cat strictly follows medication and dietary protocols.

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Bladder Crystals in Cats

Your cat may develop microscopic crystals in her bladder which, left untreated, could attach to other crystals to become bladder stones. Because the condition may lead to an obstruction of the urethra, especially in male cats, it can be fatal if not addressed promptly.

Struvite Crystals

If your cat's urine is extremely alkaline and contains an excess of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate, he may develop struvite crystals--the most common cause of urethral blockages. Treatment for struvite crystals includes surgical removal of the crystals if they are causing a blockage or a diet plan that includes the proper balance of magnesium and phosphorus. Rather than forcing your cat to eat two or three large meals a day, allow your cat to graze whenever he is hungry. This will help to inhibit alkalinity that is the result of eating a large meal. Speak to your veterinarian for suggestions of cat food brands that carry specialized foods that help to prevent or break up crystals and stones. Always provide your cat with fresh water throughout the day, as the consumption of water will help to break up forming crystals and allow the bladder to be emptied frequently of its contents.

Oxalate Crystals

If your cat's urine is very acidic, and if his diet is heavy in calcium, proteins, sodium or Vitamin D. he may be at risk of developing oxalate crystals in his bladder. Other possible causes of oxalate crystals are cancer, hyperparathyroidism or Cushing's disease. There is no dietary cure for oxalate crystals, and they must be removed surgically or through the process of urohydropropulsion (an outpatient surgical procedure involving saline solution and manual manipulation until the crystals are expelled from the bladder) if they are inhibiting your cat's urinary function. Cats with oxalate crystals will also benefit from having access to fresh, clean water throughout the day, as this will help to reduce the size and incidence of the crystals.

Urate Crystals

Although more common in dogs than cats, urate crystals can occur if your cat's urine is extremely acidic or if she suffers from a liver or metabolic disorder. Treatment involves surgical removal of crystals if they are causing a blockage or urohydropropulsion. Lower the protein consumption in your cat's diet to help discourage the formation of future urate crystals. As always, allow your cat to have regular access to clean, fresh drinking water.

Symptoms

Symptoms that your cat may be suffering from bladder crystals include an exorbitant amount of time spent in the litter box or urinating outside of the box. There may also be blood in the cat's urine or a white substance on its genitals, and your cat may lick himself frequently. He may also start to vocalize while using the cat box or may excessively paw at the edge of the box.

Prevention

Feed your cat a pH-balanced diet from a reputable pet food company. Offer your cat several small meals throughout the day, rather than forcing him to eat two or three large meals at once, which can lead to extreme alkalinity. Encourage frequent elimination by keeping your cat's litter box clean and in a convenient place.

Your cat may develop microscopic crystals in her bladder which, left untreated, could attach to other crystals to become bladder stones. Because the condition may lead to an obstruction of the urethra, especially in male cats, it can be fatal if not addressed promptly.

Struvite Crystals

If your cat's urine is extremely alkaline and contains an excess of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate, he may develop struvite crystals--the most common cause of urethral blockages. Treatment for struvite crystals includes surgical removal of the crystals if they are causing a blockage or a diet plan that includes the proper balance of magnesium and phosphorus. Rather than forcing your cat to eat two or three large meals a day, allow your cat to graze whenever he is hungry. This will help to inhibit alkalinity that is the result of eating a large meal. Speak to your veterinarian for suggestions of cat food brands that carry specialized foods that help to prevent or break up crystals and stones. Always provide your cat with fresh water throughout the day, as the consumption of water will help to break up forming crystals and allow the bladder to be emptied frequently of its contents.

Oxalate Crystals

If your cat's urine is very acidic, and if his diet is heavy in calcium, proteins, sodium or Vitamin D. he may be at risk of developing oxalate crystals in his bladder. Other possible causes of oxalate crystals are cancer, hyperparathyroidism or Cushing's disease. There is no dietary cure for oxalate crystals, and they must be removed surgically or through the process of urohydropropulsion (an outpatient surgical procedure involving saline solution and manual manipulation until the crystals are expelled from the bladder) if they are inhibiting your cat's urinary function. Cats with oxalate crystals will also benefit from having access to fresh, clean water throughout the day, as this will help to reduce the size and incidence of the crystals.

Urate Crystals

Although more common in dogs than cats, urate crystals can occur if your cat's urine is extremely acidic or if she suffers from a liver or metabolic disorder. Treatment involves surgical removal of crystals if they are causing a blockage or urohydropropulsion. Lower the protein consumption in your cat's diet to help discourage the formation of future urate crystals. As always, allow your cat to have regular access to clean, fresh drinking water.

Symptoms

Symptoms that your cat may be suffering from bladder crystals include an exorbitant amount of time spent in the litter box or urinating outside of the box. There may also be blood in the cat's urine or a white substance on its genitals, and your cat may lick himself frequently. He may also start to vocalize while using the cat box or may excessively paw at the edge of the box.

Prevention

Feed your cat a pH-balanced diet from a reputable pet food company. Offer your cat several small meals throughout the day, rather than forcing him to eat two or three large meals at once, which can lead to extreme alkalinity. Encourage frequent elimination by keeping your cat's litter box clean and in a convenient place.

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How to Get a Grub Out of a Cat's Neck

The cuterebra are a type of botfly that lay their eggs near burrows or where animals frequent. When the eggs hatch into larvae, the larvae will enter an animal host through the nose, mouth or, less often, a skin wound. Typically, the cuterebra infects rodents and rabbits, according to Cotswold Animal Hospital. In rare instances, dogs and cats can become infected by the larvae of this species. Cats commonly become infected around their head or neck. Sometimes called warbles, the cuterebra larvae can cause severe illness in your cat after the larvae drops from your cat's body. Secondary bacterial infections can develop, resulting in painful abscesses.

Instructions

1

Take your cat to a veterinarian to remove the larvae. Your cat will require anesthesia to keep it calm during the procedure.

2

Allow your veterinarian to examine the breathing hole created by the larvae. The larvae use this breathing hole for air as they develop. Your veterinarian will make a small incision at the affected site.

3




A veterinarian will need to successfully remove all the larvae.

Permit the veterinarian to extract the larvae with forceps. The veterinarian will flush the wound with saline to ensure a thorough cleanup. In some instances, removal of surrounding tissue is necessary to prevent infection.

4

Ask for antibiotics for your cat to avoid infection. Expect some swelling at the affected site for a few days after surgery. However, watch for signs of increased swelling, constant oozing or your cat becoming lethargic.

The cuterebra are a type of botfly that lay their eggs near burrows or where animals frequent. When the eggs hatch into larvae, the larvae will enter an animal host through the nose, mouth or, less often, a skin wound. Typically, the cuterebra infects rodents and rabbits, according to Cotswold Animal Hospital. In rare instances, dogs and cats can become infected by the larvae of this species. Cats commonly become infected around their head or neck. Sometimes called warbles, the cuterebra larvae can cause severe illness in your cat after the larvae drops from your cat's body. Secondary bacterial infections can develop, resulting in painful abscesses.

Instructions

1

Take your cat to a veterinarian to remove the larvae. Your cat will require anesthesia to keep it calm during the procedure.

2

Allow your veterinarian to examine the breathing hole created by the larvae. The larvae use this breathing hole for air as they develop. Your veterinarian will make a small incision at the affected site.

3




A veterinarian will need to successfully remove all the larvae.

Permit the veterinarian to extract the larvae with forceps. The veterinarian will flush the wound with saline to ensure a thorough cleanup. In some instances, removal of surrounding tissue is necessary to prevent infection.

4

Ask for antibiotics for your cat to avoid infection. Expect some swelling at the affected site for a few days after surgery. However, watch for signs of increased swelling, constant oozing or your cat becoming lethargic.

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Feline Hookworm Symptoms & Cat Tails

Many cats suffer from gastrointestinal parasites at some point in their lives. In fact, as many as 45 percent of cats may experience this problem, according to Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Hookworms are one such parasite. While medical tests are the most accurate way to diagnose hookworms in cats, many symptoms can be indicative of an infestation.

Visibility

Various types of worms are easily visible in cats' feces and on the bottom side of their tails. This is not often the case with hookworms. These parasites are very small and thus usually not visible. Plus, unlike other types of intestinal worms, hookworms can live inside cats for the length of the cats' lives. If however, if you see segments in your cat's feces or near his tail or examine the feces under magnification, you can tell hookworms apart from other types of worms by their slender, thread-like appearance. They are normally less than 1/2-inch in length.

Anemia

Intestinal worms, including hookworms, feed on the blood inside a cat's body. For this reason, severe parasitism can result in anemia in infected cats. Blood loss from the intestines, where the parasites often attach themselves, can also lead to anemia. An anemic cat's feces will look black and tarry because blood is being lost in the feces. Pale gums are another sign of anemia. Untreated anemia can result in death.

Dermatitis

The larvae of hookworms can migrate under the skin of a cat, causing a type of dermatitis known as cutaneous larval migrans. This symptom can be difficult to see in cats because the skin is covered in fur, except in the case of hairless cats. However, a dull coat or fur may be indicative of problems with the skin underneath.

Flu-Like Symptoms

Many cats infected with hookworms exhibit symptoms most commonly associated with the common cold or flu, such as diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite and lethargy. Because of the broadness of these symptoms, they do not serve as a good indication of the presence of hookworms, unless also accompanied by a swollen, pot-bellied stomach and abdominal pain.

Secondary Infections

The presence of intestinal parasites in cats will weaken their immune systems. This will make them more likely to contact bacterial and viral infections and diseases. A cat who is often sick may have a compromised immune system due to an undiagnosed hookworm infection.

Many cats suffer from gastrointestinal parasites at some point in their lives. In fact, as many as 45 percent of cats may experience this problem, according to Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Hookworms are one such parasite. While medical tests are the most accurate way to diagnose hookworms in cats, many symptoms can be indicative of an infestation.

Visibility

Various types of worms are easily visible in cats' feces and on the bottom side of their tails. This is not often the case with hookworms. These parasites are very small and thus usually not visible. Plus, unlike other types of intestinal worms, hookworms can live inside cats for the length of the cats' lives. If however, if you see segments in your cat's feces or near his tail or examine the feces under magnification, you can tell hookworms apart from other types of worms by their slender, thread-like appearance. They are normally less than 1/2-inch in length.

Anemia

Intestinal worms, including hookworms, feed on the blood inside a cat's body. For this reason, severe parasitism can result in anemia in infected cats. Blood loss from the intestines, where the parasites often attach themselves, can also lead to anemia. An anemic cat's feces will look black and tarry because blood is being lost in the feces. Pale gums are another sign of anemia. Untreated anemia can result in death.

Dermatitis

The larvae of hookworms can migrate under the skin of a cat, causing a type of dermatitis known as cutaneous larval migrans. This symptom can be difficult to see in cats because the skin is covered in fur, except in the case of hairless cats. However, a dull coat or fur may be indicative of problems with the skin underneath.

Flu-Like Symptoms

Many cats infected with hookworms exhibit symptoms most commonly associated with the common cold or flu, such as diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite and lethargy. Because of the broadness of these symptoms, they do not serve as a good indication of the presence of hookworms, unless also accompanied by a swollen, pot-bellied stomach and abdominal pain.

Secondary Infections

The presence of intestinal parasites in cats will weaken their immune systems. This will make them more likely to contact bacterial and viral infections and diseases. A cat who is often sick may have a compromised immune system due to an undiagnosed hookworm infection.

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Diarrhea in Cats & Kittens

There are several ways that diarrhea affects cats and kittens: their stool may become loose, their bowels may move more often, or the amount of stool may increase. All three of these symptoms can sometimes occur together, and all demand attention.

Causes

There might be a simple, easily-treatable reason for your cat's condition. It could, for example, be a reaction to a new food or a new toy. Intestinal worms are also a common cause, as are bacterial and viral infections. Unfortunately, diarrhea sometimes indicates the presence of a serious health threat. Diarrhea lasting more than a couple of days requires expert advice from a vet.

Important Information

When you call your vet, he will likely ask you to describe the color and consistency of the feces, and whether blood or mucous is present. The vet will also ask if the stool has a strong odor and when the diarrhea started, and may request that you bring in a stool sample.

Treatment

There are almost as many treatments for diarrhea as there are causes. Often, slight changes in your cat's diet or feeding schedule will solve the problem. To get started, several professional websites provide valuable insight into feline health care. However, over-the-counter treatment is not recommended until your pet is diagnosed by a vet.

There are several ways that diarrhea affects cats and kittens: their stool may become loose, their bowels may move more often, or the amount of stool may increase. All three of these symptoms can sometimes occur together, and all demand attention.

Causes

There might be a simple, easily-treatable reason for your cat's condition. It could, for example, be a reaction to a new food or a new toy. Intestinal worms are also a common cause, as are bacterial and viral infections. Unfortunately, diarrhea sometimes indicates the presence of a serious health threat. Diarrhea lasting more than a couple of days requires expert advice from a vet.

Important Information

When you call your vet, he will likely ask you to describe the color and consistency of the feces, and whether blood or mucous is present. The vet will also ask if the stool has a strong odor and when the diarrhea started, and may request that you bring in a stool sample.

Treatment

There are almost as many treatments for diarrhea as there are causes. Often, slight changes in your cat's diet or feeding schedule will solve the problem. To get started, several professional websites provide valuable insight into feline health care. However, over-the-counter treatment is not recommended until your pet is diagnosed by a vet.

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Normal Blood Glucose Ranges for Cats

Diabetes in cats is diagnosed by the presence of excessive glucose in the blood. Blood glucose is monitored through the cat's life in order to maintain the proper therapeutic level of insulin in the blood.

History

Cats generally contract type 2, or non-insulin dependent diabetes, even though treatment involves the administration of injectable insulin. This generally occurs later in life due to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise.

Normal Blood Sugar Levels

The normal fasting blood glucose range for a healthy, non-diabetic cat is between 70 and 120 mg/dL. Diabetic cats will have blood glucose levels well over 200 mg/dL.

Proper Treatment Blood Sugar Goals

Target levels of glucose in a diabetic cat are 100 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL. Anything under 100 mg/dL will indicate that the cat is becoming hypoglycemic, or having too low blood sugar, and may slip into a diabetic coma if not reversed. Blood sugar levels above 200 mg/dL indicate that the cat is not being regulated and will need an insulin dosage adjustment.

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Cats will usually exhibit outward symptoms of diabetes when their blood glucose levels begin to remain above 200 mg/dL. They will begin to drink more water and urinate more.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Symptoms of low blood sugar are disorientation, staggering, listlessness, trouble with coordination and coma. Hypoglycemia is a medical emergency which should be treated immediately by smearing Karo syrup on the gums.

Diabetes in cats is diagnosed by the presence of excessive glucose in the blood. Blood glucose is monitored through the cat's life in order to maintain the proper therapeutic level of insulin in the blood.

History

Cats generally contract type 2, or non-insulin dependent diabetes, even though treatment involves the administration of injectable insulin. This generally occurs later in life due to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise.

Normal Blood Sugar Levels

The normal fasting blood glucose range for a healthy, non-diabetic cat is between 70 and 120 mg/dL. Diabetic cats will have blood glucose levels well over 200 mg/dL.

Proper Treatment Blood Sugar Goals

Target levels of glucose in a diabetic cat are 100 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL. Anything under 100 mg/dL will indicate that the cat is becoming hypoglycemic, or having too low blood sugar, and may slip into a diabetic coma if not reversed. Blood sugar levels above 200 mg/dL indicate that the cat is not being regulated and will need an insulin dosage adjustment.

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Cats will usually exhibit outward symptoms of diabetes when their blood glucose levels begin to remain above 200 mg/dL. They will begin to drink more water and urinate more.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Symptoms of low blood sugar are disorientation, staggering, listlessness, trouble with coordination and coma. Hypoglycemia is a medical emergency which should be treated immediately by smearing Karo syrup on the gums.

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Is Bamboo Palm Safe for Cats?

Houseplants brighten a room and circulate oxygen into the air. They can be a delight to look at, and cats love to play with them. Some plants pose a hazard to cats while others are completely harmless. Doing research before buying a new plant can help you avoid catastrophe.

Identification

Bamboo palm, or Chamaedorea elegans, is a small, non-flowering, tropical plant that reaches approximately 9 feet in height. It is also known colloquially as the miniature fish tail dwarf palm, the good luck palm and the parlor palm.

Toxicity

According to the ASPCA's Poison Control Center, bamboo palm trees are non-toxic to cats.

Significance

Bamboo palm makes an excellent houseplant choice for cat owners as it poses no threat to curious felines.

Warning

Cats are true carnivores, and although the bamboo palm contains no toxins, excessive ingestion may cause mild stomach upset.

Fun fact

Bamboo palm is a plant that prefers minimal sunlight. Keeping it in a room with excessive natural light can cause the plant's leaves to scorch and burn.

Houseplants brighten a room and circulate oxygen into the air. They can be a delight to look at, and cats love to play with them. Some plants pose a hazard to cats while others are completely harmless. Doing research before buying a new plant can help you avoid catastrophe.

Identification

Bamboo palm, or Chamaedorea elegans, is a small, non-flowering, tropical plant that reaches approximately 9 feet in height. It is also known colloquially as the miniature fish tail dwarf palm, the good luck palm and the parlor palm.

Toxicity

According to the ASPCA's Poison Control Center, bamboo palm trees are non-toxic to cats.

Significance

Bamboo palm makes an excellent houseplant choice for cat owners as it poses no threat to curious felines.

Warning

Cats are true carnivores, and although the bamboo palm contains no toxins, excessive ingestion may cause mild stomach upset.

Fun fact

Bamboo palm is a plant that prefers minimal sunlight. Keeping it in a room with excessive natural light can cause the plant's leaves to scorch and burn.

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How to Cure Worms in Cats

Your feline friend may have a long battle ahead to get rid of worms. The reinfection rate is high when it comes to tape worms, one of the most common intestinal parasites that affect cats. Mature tape worms often leave larvae and eggs inside the tissue of your pet's intestine which may survive de-worming attempts. Hook worms or round worms may resist initial treatment too. The good news is this doesn't have to equal a trip to the vet each time a reinfection occurs. If your cat suffers a reinfection of the same worms, you can administer medication at home.

Instructions

1

Determine the type of worm infecting your cat. For first-time infections, take the stool sample to the vet to have them examine it to determine what type of worm it is. Hook worm infections can only be diagnosed by a vet as they are invisible to the naked eye. Tape worm and round worm infections are normally detected by seeing the mature worms in the fecal sample.

2

Begin the prescribed medication to remove the type of worm bothering your cat. Give tape worm tablets orally. You can obtain these over the counter at a local pet store or through an online pet pharmacy. Your vet can also give the cat an injection for tape worms. To treat hook or round worms, your vet prescribes a topical once-a-month treatment that kills and prevents these worms and protects against heart worms, fleas and ear mites.

3

Monitor the progress of your feline friend. Re-administer tape worm tablets as needed. For hook and round worms, continue to use the topical ointment once a month as the medication penetrates your cat's skin into its bloodstream. This kills (eventually) any mature parasite that depends on the cat's blood for food.

Your feline friend may have a long battle ahead to get rid of worms. The reinfection rate is high when it comes to tape worms, one of the most common intestinal parasites that affect cats. Mature tape worms often leave larvae and eggs inside the tissue of your pet's intestine which may survive de-worming attempts. Hook worms or round worms may resist initial treatment too. The good news is this doesn't have to equal a trip to the vet each time a reinfection occurs. If your cat suffers a reinfection of the same worms, you can administer medication at home.

Instructions

1

Determine the type of worm infecting your cat. For first-time infections, take the stool sample to the vet to have them examine it to determine what type of worm it is. Hook worm infections can only be diagnosed by a vet as they are invisible to the naked eye. Tape worm and round worm infections are normally detected by seeing the mature worms in the fecal sample.

2

Begin the prescribed medication to remove the type of worm bothering your cat. Give tape worm tablets orally. You can obtain these over the counter at a local pet store or through an online pet pharmacy. Your vet can also give the cat an injection for tape worms. To treat hook or round worms, your vet prescribes a topical once-a-month treatment that kills and prevents these worms and protects against heart worms, fleas and ear mites.

3

Monitor the progress of your feline friend. Re-administer tape worm tablets as needed. For hook and round worms, continue to use the topical ointment once a month as the medication penetrates your cat's skin into its bloodstream. This kills (eventually) any mature parasite that depends on the cat's blood for food.

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Causes of Weight Loss in Cats

Most cats are more likely to be obese than underweight, especially if they live indoors. When a cat begins losing weight without any special effort on the part of the owner, it usually signals a serious health problem that must be addressed. Weight loss can be caused by a number of issues, some easily remedied and others more complicated chronic conditions.

Improper Diet

A low-quality cat food may not give your cat the proper nutrition to support his activity level. Even if you feed your cat a premium cat food, he may still be nutritionally deficient if a large percentage of his calories come from other sources, such as scavenging outside or in the garbage.

Parasites

Intestinal parasites can frequently make their home in a cats digestive tract, causing diarrhea, vomiting and a loss of appetite. Luckily, these pests can be eliminated with deworming medications.

Stress

If your cat has undergone a major change recently, such as a new home, new pet or new baby, stress could be causing her to lose her appetite. Spend time reassuring your cat in a comforting tone that everything is all right, and go out of your way to spend one-on-one quality time with her every day.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that can affect the small or large intestine and cause vomiting and diarrhea. This prevents your cat from reaping the nutritional benefits of the food he eats. IBD can usually be controlled through a change in diet and limiting exposure to certain irritants and allergens. Sometimes cats may also need corticosteroid treatment.

Diabetes

Diabetes in cats is caused by an overactive thyroid gland that can interfere with the proper metabolism of sugars and is characterized by excessive thirst and urination. The cat begins to excrete the nutrients from her food before her body has a chance to absorb them, so she loses weight despite being extremely hungry. There is no cure for diabetes, but daily insulin injections can keep blood sugar levels in check. Dietary modifications may also help.

Liver or Kidney Disease

Older cats are especially prone to liver and kidney disorders. Because these organs are responsible for removing waste and toxins from the body, when they cease to work properly, toxins can build up in the bloodstream, causing vomiting and diarrhea. Liver disease will also cause a yellowing of the eyes, ears and gums, and kidney disease may cause a change in urinary habits. These conditions are irreversible, but a diet change along with daily medication and fluid administration can keep the symptoms under control.

Feline Leukemia Virus/Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Cats who spend time outdoors are exposed to unvaccinated strays that may carry feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). These two incurable diseases are transmitted through blood and saliva, usually during a fight, and are eventually fatal. That said, there are many cats who live long, comfortable lives despite being infected, although they are more susceptible to other infections.

Most cats are more likely to be obese than underweight, especially if they live indoors. When a cat begins losing weight without any special effort on the part of the owner, it usually signals a serious health problem that must be addressed. Weight loss can be caused by a number of issues, some easily remedied and others more complicated chronic conditions.

Improper Diet

A low-quality cat food may not give your cat the proper nutrition to support his activity level. Even if you feed your cat a premium cat food, he may still be nutritionally deficient if a large percentage of his calories come from other sources, such as scavenging outside or in the garbage.

Parasites

Intestinal parasites can frequently make their home in a cats digestive tract, causing diarrhea, vomiting and a loss of appetite. Luckily, these pests can be eliminated with deworming medications.

Stress

If your cat has undergone a major change recently, such as a new home, new pet or new baby, stress could be causing her to lose her appetite. Spend time reassuring your cat in a comforting tone that everything is all right, and go out of your way to spend one-on-one quality time with her every day.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that can affect the small or large intestine and cause vomiting and diarrhea. This prevents your cat from reaping the nutritional benefits of the food he eats. IBD can usually be controlled through a change in diet and limiting exposure to certain irritants and allergens. Sometimes cats may also need corticosteroid treatment.

Diabetes

Diabetes in cats is caused by an overactive thyroid gland that can interfere with the proper metabolism of sugars and is characterized by excessive thirst and urination. The cat begins to excrete the nutrients from her food before her body has a chance to absorb them, so she loses weight despite being extremely hungry. There is no cure for diabetes, but daily insulin injections can keep blood sugar levels in check. Dietary modifications may also help.

Liver or Kidney Disease

Older cats are especially prone to liver and kidney disorders. Because these organs are responsible for removing waste and toxins from the body, when they cease to work properly, toxins can build up in the bloodstream, causing vomiting and diarrhea. Liver disease will also cause a yellowing of the eyes, ears and gums, and kidney disease may cause a change in urinary habits. These conditions are irreversible, but a diet change along with daily medication and fluid administration can keep the symptoms under control.

Feline Leukemia Virus/Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Cats who spend time outdoors are exposed to unvaccinated strays that may carry feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). These two incurable diseases are transmitted through blood and saliva, usually during a fight, and are eventually fatal. That said, there are many cats who live long, comfortable lives despite being infected, although they are more susceptible to other infections.

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Cat from Revin {France}

Cat photo source: Agnès Delhaye

Cat photo source: Agnès Delhaye

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How to Tell a Cat's Age

When you come across a stray cat, it can be difficult to tell its age, especially if it already has its adult teeth. Kittens receive their incisors at 2 to 4 weeks old. Their canines come in when they are 3 to 4 weeks old, and their premolars come in when they are 4 to 6 weeks old. By 8 weeks, kittens should have all of their baby teeth. When the cat is 6 months old, all of its adult teeth will have replaced its baby teeth. It becomes challenging to accurately determine a cat's age after it has all of its permanent teeth; however, there are some characteristics to look for that can help estimate a cat's age.

Instructions

1

Examine the cat's teeth to determine if it has its baby teeth or adult teeth. If it has its permanent teeth and they are white, the cat is at least 16 weeks of age. If its back teeth have yellowish stains (tartar), the cat might be 1 to 2 years old. If all of the teeth have tartar buildup, the cat might be 3 to 5 years old. More wear on the teeth are usually seen at 5 to 10 years old. By 10 to 15 years, the cat might be missing some teeth and have an extreme amount of tartar buildup.

2

Look at a cat's eyes to see if there is any cloudiness in the lens. Like people, cats can develop cataracts. A cat with cloudy eyes might be 12 years old or older. Also the iris of their eye is smooth when they are kittens, but as they get older, it becomes more jagged and crackly looking.

3

Feel its body to see how muscular or bony the cat is. Young cats are more likely to be in shape and be toned. Older cats might have extra skin hanging, and their shoulder blades might protrude more.

4

Monitor their habits. It's not always the case, but cats are usually more playful when they are younger. Older cats prefer to sleep more and are not impressed by toys.

When you come across a stray cat, it can be difficult to tell its age, especially if it already has its adult teeth. Kittens receive their incisors at 2 to 4 weeks old. Their canines come in when they are 3 to 4 weeks old, and their premolars come in when they are 4 to 6 weeks old. By 8 weeks, kittens should have all of their baby teeth. When the cat is 6 months old, all of its adult teeth will have replaced its baby teeth. It becomes challenging to accurately determine a cat's age after it has all of its permanent teeth; however, there are some characteristics to look for that can help estimate a cat's age.

Instructions

1

Examine the cat's teeth to determine if it has its baby teeth or adult teeth. If it has its permanent teeth and they are white, the cat is at least 16 weeks of age. If its back teeth have yellowish stains (tartar), the cat might be 1 to 2 years old. If all of the teeth have tartar buildup, the cat might be 3 to 5 years old. More wear on the teeth are usually seen at 5 to 10 years old. By 10 to 15 years, the cat might be missing some teeth and have an extreme amount of tartar buildup.

2

Look at a cat's eyes to see if there is any cloudiness in the lens. Like people, cats can develop cataracts. A cat with cloudy eyes might be 12 years old or older. Also the iris of their eye is smooth when they are kittens, but as they get older, it becomes more jagged and crackly looking.

3

Feel its body to see how muscular or bony the cat is. Young cats are more likely to be in shape and be toned. Older cats might have extra skin hanging, and their shoulder blades might protrude more.

4

Monitor their habits. It's not always the case, but cats are usually more playful when they are younger. Older cats prefer to sleep more and are not impressed by toys.

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How Do I Treat My Cat for Fleas & Mange?

Fleas and mange are caused by parasites that live on a cat's skin or hair follicles. Fleas can be a recurring problem for cats and their owners and must be treated thoroughly and completely. Mange, which can come in different forms and is caused by mites, should also be treated as early as possible to prevent other pets from catching the skin infestation and to relieve your cat's symptoms. Some parasite control medications are available that treat both mange and fleas, along with other parasites that may affect your cat's skin. These medications can provide treatment and also prevention of parasites.

Instructions

1

Treat your cat first. For skin conditions like mange or fleas, your veterinarian may recommend a medicated dip, shampoo or topical medication. Clipping long hair can also be helpful before using a shampoo or dip to treat mange.

2

Use a monthly parasite control product to keep fleas, mites and other parasites from infecting your cat. These topical and oral treatments can be very effective and provide quick and lasting protection from parasites, though not all products will prevent mange, so consult your veterinarian in order to choose the right medication for your cat.

3

Administer approved medications or treatments to soothe symptoms of mange and fleas, such as secondary infections, itching and scratching, skin wounds and inflammation.

4

Keep infected pets isolated, using a crate or kennel if necessary when you cannot be there to separate your animals.

5

For mange, a follow-up appointment for a skin scraping may be needed to determine if the mites have been completely eradicated.

Treating the Surrounding Environment

6

Use hot and soapy water to clean all of your cat's bedding, including your bed or couch areas where he might nap. Also use disinfectant around his sleeping areas, food and water bowls and any areas your cat frequently spends time to kill fleas and mites.

7

Vacuum thoroughly to pick up fleas, larvae and eggs that may be around the house. Dispose of the vacuum bag when you are done. Steam cleaning is also helpful. This alone is not enough to rid your home of fleas, which can be present in egg, larvae and adult form, but it can help.

8

Use insect growth regulators (IGRs) around your home, in the car and in outdoor environments to kill flea larvae. Use products with pyriproxifen and methoprene, noting that methoprene is less effective outdoors in areas of sunlight.

9

Keep your cat away from stray animals that are more likely to carry mites and fleas. Also, maintain a clean home, and if going to a groomer or kennel, ensure that those environments are hygienic and sanitized.

Fleas and mange are caused by parasites that live on a cat's skin or hair follicles. Fleas can be a recurring problem for cats and their owners and must be treated thoroughly and completely. Mange, which can come in different forms and is caused by mites, should also be treated as early as possible to prevent other pets from catching the skin infestation and to relieve your cat's symptoms. Some parasite control medications are available that treat both mange and fleas, along with other parasites that may affect your cat's skin. These medications can provide treatment and also prevention of parasites.

Instructions

1

Treat your cat first. For skin conditions like mange or fleas, your veterinarian may recommend a medicated dip, shampoo or topical medication. Clipping long hair can also be helpful before using a shampoo or dip to treat mange.

2

Use a monthly parasite control product to keep fleas, mites and other parasites from infecting your cat. These topical and oral treatments can be very effective and provide quick and lasting protection from parasites, though not all products will prevent mange, so consult your veterinarian in order to choose the right medication for your cat.

3

Administer approved medications or treatments to soothe symptoms of mange and fleas, such as secondary infections, itching and scratching, skin wounds and inflammation.

4

Keep infected pets isolated, using a crate or kennel if necessary when you cannot be there to separate your animals.

5

For mange, a follow-up appointment for a skin scraping may be needed to determine if the mites have been completely eradicated.

Treating the Surrounding Environment

6

Use hot and soapy water to clean all of your cat's bedding, including your bed or couch areas where he might nap. Also use disinfectant around his sleeping areas, food and water bowls and any areas your cat frequently spends time to kill fleas and mites.

7

Vacuum thoroughly to pick up fleas, larvae and eggs that may be around the house. Dispose of the vacuum bag when you are done. Steam cleaning is also helpful. This alone is not enough to rid your home of fleas, which can be present in egg, larvae and adult form, but it can help.

8

Use insect growth regulators (IGRs) around your home, in the car and in outdoor environments to kill flea larvae. Use products with pyriproxifen and methoprene, noting that methoprene is less effective outdoors in areas of sunlight.

9

Keep your cat away from stray animals that are more likely to carry mites and fleas. Also, maintain a clean home, and if going to a groomer or kennel, ensure that those environments are hygienic and sanitized.

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Skin & Coat Vitamins for Cats

The old adage, you are what you eat, may not be too far off when it comes to feline skin and coat health. When nutritional imbalance is to blame for your cats dull, flaky, dry skin, your veterinarian may prescribe vitamins and dietary supplements to help correct her internal imbalance.

To Supplement or not to Supplement?

A high quality, nutritionally balanced food should supply your cat with the proper amount of vitamins and minerals. Look for foods with ingredients that include vitamin E, vitamin A, carrots (a natural source of beta carotene), flax seed or fish oil (good sources of omega 3 fatty acids), animal-based protein such as eggs or chicken for omega 6 fatty acids and prebiotics like chicory root or beet pulp). However, despite her nutritionally balanced diet, kitty still may experience skin and coat problems. In these cases veterinarians often turn to vitamin supplementation. It is important to use vitamins under veterinary supervision; over supplementation can lead to serious health problems for kitty.

B Vitamins

The B complex vitamins are water soluble, which means they mostly are destroyed during the heat of the cooking process; cats on home-prepared diets will almost always need extra B complex vitamins. One of the most important vitamins in this group is vitamin B-1 (or thiamine). Thiamine promotes muscle, cellular and nerve function. Vitamins B-5 and biotin are essential for skin and hair health -- vitamin B-5 also reduces inflammation and can help fight allergies and infection.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is essential in boosting the feline immune system and healing the skin. A cat can incur a vitamin E deficiency if she ingests food containing large amount of unsaturated fats to which antioxidants are not added. Foods like these go rancid quickly subsequently destroying important vitamin E that oxygenates kittys blood. In order for a cat to properly absorb supplemental vitamin E, she will need to take it with fat-containing food; no empty stomachs here. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, so it needs accompanying fat to latch onto and adequately enter the feline body.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is not only important for vision; it helps regulate cell membranes. It produces skin and hair cell turnover, allowing inflamed, damaged cells to move aside while new healthy cells replace them. This tissue-repairing vitamin is found naturally in organs such as the liver and kidney, but take caution if choosing the natural route. Felines who eat too much raw liver can develop hypervitaminosis A, which can dull her coat and lead to lameness. Vitamin A supplements are a likely choice if kitty is deficient, but always consult your veterinarian before beginning any supplement.

The old adage, you are what you eat, may not be too far off when it comes to feline skin and coat health. When nutritional imbalance is to blame for your cats dull, flaky, dry skin, your veterinarian may prescribe vitamins and dietary supplements to help correct her internal imbalance.

To Supplement or not to Supplement?

A high quality, nutritionally balanced food should supply your cat with the proper amount of vitamins and minerals. Look for foods with ingredients that include vitamin E, vitamin A, carrots (a natural source of beta carotene), flax seed or fish oil (good sources of omega 3 fatty acids), animal-based protein such as eggs or chicken for omega 6 fatty acids and prebiotics like chicory root or beet pulp). However, despite her nutritionally balanced diet, kitty still may experience skin and coat problems. In these cases veterinarians often turn to vitamin supplementation. It is important to use vitamins under veterinary supervision; over supplementation can lead to serious health problems for kitty.

B Vitamins

The B complex vitamins are water soluble, which means they mostly are destroyed during the heat of the cooking process; cats on home-prepared diets will almost always need extra B complex vitamins. One of the most important vitamins in this group is vitamin B-1 (or thiamine). Thiamine promotes muscle, cellular and nerve function. Vitamins B-5 and biotin are essential for skin and hair health -- vitamin B-5 also reduces inflammation and can help fight allergies and infection.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is essential in boosting the feline immune system and healing the skin. A cat can incur a vitamin E deficiency if she ingests food containing large amount of unsaturated fats to which antioxidants are not added. Foods like these go rancid quickly subsequently destroying important vitamin E that oxygenates kittys blood. In order for a cat to properly absorb supplemental vitamin E, she will need to take it with fat-containing food; no empty stomachs here. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, so it needs accompanying fat to latch onto and adequately enter the feline body.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is not only important for vision; it helps regulate cell membranes. It produces skin and hair cell turnover, allowing inflamed, damaged cells to move aside while new healthy cells replace them. This tissue-repairing vitamin is found naturally in organs such as the liver and kidney, but take caution if choosing the natural route. Felines who eat too much raw liver can develop hypervitaminosis A, which can dull her coat and lead to lameness. Vitamin A supplements are a likely choice if kitty is deficient, but always consult your veterinarian before beginning any supplement.

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